Table 2.
Prevalence of Impact and Comparison to Ranges in Previous Studies.
| Impact Category | Impact Type | n (%) | Prevalence (%) Range From Prior Impact Studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychological and substance abuse | 236 (91.5) | ||
| Fear | 178 (69) | 43%–97%a,e,f | |
| Distress | 66 (25.6) | — | |
| Secondary victimization | 42 (16.3) | — | |
| Vulnerability | 40 (15.5) | — | |
| Fear for life | 36 (14) | — | |
| Hypervigilance | 33 (12.8) | — | |
| Anxiety | 31 (12) | 44%–88%c,g,h | |
| Helplessness | 28 (10.9) | 55.4% d | |
| Conflicting feelings | 26 (10.1) | — | |
| Depression | 15 (5.8) | 26%–34.6%c,d,h | |
| Shame or embarrassment | 14 (5.4) | — | |
| Difficulty managing emotions | 14 (5.4) | — | |
| Panic attacks | 11 (4.3) | 12%–19.7%b,c,h (latter value is from Amar (2006) and classed as a physical symptom) | |
| Guilt | 11 (4.3) | — | |
| Suspicious distrust | 10 (3.9) | 39%–68.2%c,d,h | |
| Anger | 8 (3.1) | 50.3% a | |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 4 (1.6) | 37% g | |
| Nightmares | 4 (1.6) | — | |
| Suicidal ideation | 4 (1.6) | 24% g | |
| Substance misuse | 1 (.4) | 23% g | |
| Physical health | 35 (13.6) | ||
| Insomnia | 12 (4.7) | 30%–74% (sleep disturbance)c,d,g,h | |
| Medication | 10 (3.9) | — | |
| Physical health | 9 (3.5) | (poorer physical health status) b | |
| Long-term sick | 6 (2.3) | 18% (sick leave) c | |
| Practical impacts on life and activities | 140 (54.3) | ||
| Isolation | 53 (20.5) | 9%–70%a,c,e,g | |
| Disable social media and/or email | 32 (12.4) | — | |
| Move home | 27 (10.5) | 2%–39%b,c,e,g,h | |
| Installation of home security | 20 (7.8) | 17%–73% (additional security)c,e,g,h | |
| Other employment problems caused | 20 (7.8) | — | |
| Change phone number | 20 (7.8) | 13%–62%b,c,e,h | |
| Other financial impact | 16 (6.2) | — | |
| Change travel routes | 15 (5.8) | 20%–82% (changing lifestyle)b,c,e,g,h | |
| Creation of safety plan | 14 (5.4) | — | |
| Use of bodycam and/or panic alarm | 9 (3.5) | 17%–73% (additional security)c,e,g,h | |
| Quit employment | 8 (3.1) | 4%–53% (decrease in or cessation of work or school attendance)b,c,e,g | |
| Counseling related to practical impact | 7 (2.7) | — | |
| Victim investigated for stalking due to spurious accusation by stalker | 7 (2.7) | — | |
| Victim investigated by social services due to spurious accusation by stalker | 6 (2.3) | — | |
| Employment transfer | 5 (1.9%) | 2%–37% (changes to workplace, school, or career)b,c,g,h | |
| Homelessness | 2 (0.8) | — | |
| Court-related fees | 4 (1.6) | 7%–69% (sought legal counsel)c,e,g,h, 1% private investigator b | |
| Had to pay for expert assistance | 4 (1.6) | ||
| Impact on others | 91 (35.3) | ||
| Children | 37 (14.3) | — | |
| Family | 28 (10.9) | — | |
| Friends | 22 (8.5) | — | |
| Partner | 18 (7) | 22.3% d | |
| Neighbors | 6 (2.3) | — | |
| Colleagues | 8 (3.1) | — | |