Extended Data Fig. 1. Cell heterogeneity in LUAD assembloids.

a, Study workflow for subpopulation identification using the iterative nature of CELESTA. b, Representative example of subpopulation proportions in TAF–PDO and TCF–PDO assembloids (TAFs from LUAD specimen 1 and TCFs from LUAD specimen 2). c, Representative image of assembloid shown as a dot plot where each dot represents a cell, located at the cell centroid, and is color-coded by its cell subpopulation identified with CELESTA. d, Bar graphs representing the number of fibroblasts per area (1000 x 1000 a.u.) in each zone of assembloid, namely the periphery versus centre. Quantification, out of six representative areas per region (centre, periphery) from two independent biological replicate per condition. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA. Error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean.