FIGURE 2. The multivariate temporal response function (TRF) framework.

Neural signals are recorded as participants are presented with sensory stimuli, such as speech. A specific task may be part of the experiment (e.g., answering comprehension questions). Speech and language features are extracted from the stimulus and are simultaneously related to the neural signal with methods such as ridge regression. The weights of the model inform us about the spatiotemporal relationship between each stimulus feature and the neural signal.