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. 2023 Sep 8;71(37):13814–13827. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05491

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Proposed metabolic pathways for the metabolism of (−)-epicatechin by gut microbiota. The pathway is based on the microbial metabolites formed during the fermentation and on the literature.16 Bacteria previously involved in (−)-epicatechin metabolism are noted in black,2327 while bacterial species associated with specific transformation in this study are written in red and annotated with an asterisk.