Table 1.
Microbe-mediated ZnO-NPs and their potential biological applications.
| Microbes | Precursor | Size (nm) | Shape | Purification methods | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Aeromonas hydrophila | Zinc oxide | 57 | Spherical/oval | Centrifugation | Antimicrobial | Jayaseelan et al. (2012) |
| Lactobacillus sporogens | Zinc sulphate | 145.7 | Hexagonal | Centrifugation, washing and drying in oven at 40°C for 8 h | Antibacterial | Mishra et al. (2013) |
| Serratia ureilytica | Zinc acetate | 170–600 | Spherical | – | Dhandapani et al. (2014) | |
| Rhodococcus pyridinivorans | ZnSO4.H2O | 100–120 | Roughly spherical | Centrifugation, filtration, washing and drying at 70°C in hot air oven for 4 h | Antibacterial, Anticancer, Photocatalytic and Drug delivery | Kundu et al. (2014) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Zinc nitrite | 35–80 | Spherical | Centrifugation, washing and drying at 70°C under vacuum oven | Antioxidant | Singh et al. (2014) |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Zinc acetate dihydrate | 320–400 | Rod-like | Centrifugation | Photocatalytic | Tripathi et al. (2014) |
| Acinetobacter schindleri | Zinc nitrate | 20–100 | Polydispersed and spherical | Centrifugation, washing and drying in hot air oven at 60°C for 6 h | Antibacterial | Busi et al. (2016) |
| Streptomyces sp. | Zinc chloride | 20–50 | Spherical | – | Antibacterial and anticancer | Balraj et al. (2017) |
| Sphingobacterium thalpophilum | Zinc nitrate | 112 | Triangle chips-like | Drying at 120°C and annealing at 700°C for 5 h | Antibacterial | Rajabairavi et al. (2017) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Zinc acetate | 10–50 | Acicular | Centrifugation, washing, lyophilization and storage at 0°C | Rauf et al. (2017) | |
| P. aeruginosa | Zinc nitrate | 50–100 | Pseudospherical | – | Antimicrobial | Barsainya and Singh (2018) |
| L. paracasei | Zinc nitrate | 1,179 | Spherical | – | Antibacterial | Król et al. (2018) |
| B. megaterium | Zinc nitrate | 45–95 | Rod and cubic | Centrifugation and repeated washing | Saravanan et al. (2018) | |
| S. enissocaesilis | Zinc sulfate | 5–20 | Spherical | Centrifugation, washing and drying | Shaaban and El-Mahdy (2018) | |
| Halomonas elongata | Zinc chloride | 18 | Spherical | – | Taran et al. (2018) | |
| P. putida | Zinc nitrate | 44.5 | Spherical | Centrifugation and drying in hot air furnace 400°C for 2 h | Jayabalan et al. (2019) | |
| B. haynesii | Zinc sulphate | 50 | Spherical | Drying at 80°C and annealing at 700°C for 5 h | Rehman et al. (2019) | |
| B. cereus | Zinc sulphate hepta-hydrate | 58–63 | Irregular | – | Antibacterial | Iqtedar et al. (2020) |
| S. nematodiphila | Zinc sulfate | 15–30 | Roughly spherical | Washing through multiple centrifugations and drying at 120°C | Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic | Jain et al. (2020) |
| L. plantarum | Zinc nitrate | 191–291 | Flower-like and irregular | Cell biomass: Ultrasonic disruption at 30°C for 30 min, centrifugation and drying at 100°C. Cell-free supernatant: Centrifugation, washing and drying at 100°C |
Antibacterial | Yusof et al. (2020b) |
| B. cereus | Zinc sulfate heptahydrate | 21–35 | Spherical | Centrifugation, washing and freeze-drying | Ahmed et al. (2021) | |
| Lactobacillus spp. | Zinc acetate | 32 | Spherical | Interruption by ultrasound cycles in 100 W for 5 min, centrifugation, washing and air-drying at 60°C | Antimicrobial and anticancer | Suba et al. (2021) |
| Actinomycetes | ||||||
| Streptomyces sp. | Zinc acetate dihydrate | 16–25 | Spherical | Centrifugation, drying at 120°C overnight and heating at 450°C for 5 h | Antibacterial, and anticancer | Shanmugasundaram and Balagurunathan (2017) |
| S. plicatus | Zinc sulfate | 21.72 | Spherical | Centrifugation, washing and drying in an oven at 90°C | Antimicrobial | Kalaba et al. (2021) |
| Pseudochrobactrum sp. | Zinc acetate | 90–110 | Granular | Oven drying at 85°C, calcination for 7 h in muffle furnace at 700°C and grinding | Photocatalytic | Siddique et al. (2021) |
| S. enisocaesilis | Zinc sulphate | 12–326 | Needle shape | Washing, centrifugation and drying in muffle furnace at 400°C for 8 h | Antibacterial | Rajivgandhi et al. (2022) |
| Fungi | ||||||
| Aspergillus terreus | Zinc sulfate | 54.8–82.6 | Spherical | Centrifugation and lyophilization | Antifungal | Baskar et al. (2013) |
| A. aeneus | Zinc acetate | 100–140 | Spherical | – | – | Jain et al. (2013) |
| A. fumigatus | Zinc sulfate | 60–80 | Spherical | Centrifugation and lyophilization | Antibacterial | Rajan et al. (2016) |
| A. niger | Zinc chloride | 41–75 | Spherical | Centrifugation and drying in oven at 60°C | Ibrahem et al. (2017) | |
| Candida albicans | Zinc oxide | ∼20 | Quasi-spherical | Centrifugation | – | Shamsuzzaman et al. (2017) |
| A. terreus | Zinc acetate | 10–45 | Spherical | Separation and drying at 150°C for 48 h | Antibacterial and anticancer | Fouda et al. (2018) |
| A. niger | Zinc nitrate | 53–69 | Spherical | Centrifugation | Antibacterial and photocatalytic | Kalpana et al. (2018) |
| A. niger | Zinc nitrate | 30–70 | Spherical | – | Antioxidant and anticancer | Es-haghi et al. (2019) |
| A. niger | Zinc acetate | 80–130 | Rod and cluster | Collection and drying at 150°C for 48 h | Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer | Gao et al. (2019) |
| Cordyceps militaris | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | 10.15 | Flower | Centrifugation, washing and drying at 60°C | Photocatalytic | Li et al. (2019) |
| Fusarium keratoplasticum | Zinc acetate | 10–42 | Hexagonal | Collection and drying at 150°C for 48 h | Antibacterial and anticancer | Mohamed et al. (2019) |
| A. niger | Zinc acetate | 8–38 | Nano-rod | Collection and drying at 150°C for 48 h | Antibacterial and anticancer | |
| Alternaria tenuissima | Zinc sulphate | 15.45 | Spherical | Ultra-centrifugation, washing and drying at 50°C in hot air | Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and photocatalytic | Abdelhakim et al. (2020) |
| Penicillium corylophilum | Zinc acetate dihydrate | 9–51 | Spherical | Centrifugation, washing and oven-drying at 80°C for 48 h | Photocatalytic | Fouda et al. (2020) |
| Periconium sp. | Zinc nitrate | 16–78 | Quasi spherical | Drying at 125°C for 12 h and calcination at 700°C for 4 h in muffle furnace | Antimicrobial and antioxidant | Ganesan et al. (2020) |
| Agaricus bisporus | Zinc acetate dehydrate | <40 nm | Hexagonal | Filtration, washing and drying at 80°C in hot air oven | Antibacterial and antioxidant | Singh and Dutta (2020) |
| Trichoderma harzianum, and T. reesei | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | 60–70 | Crystal planes | Calcination at 700°C for 2 h | Antibacterial | Shobha et al. (2020) |
| Xylaria acuta | Zinc nitrate hexahydrate | 34–55 | Hexagonal | Calcination at 700°C for 2 h | Antimicrobial and anticancer | Sumanth et al. (2020) |
| Acremonium potronii | Zinc acetate hexahydrate | 13–15 | Spherical | Washing, centrifugation and drying at 150°C for 30 min | Photocatalytic | Ameen et al. (2021) |
| A. niger | Zinc acetate dihydrate | 35 | Spherical | Centrifugation, washing and drying | Antibacterial and anticancer | Es-haghi et al. (2021) |
| A. niger | Zinc acetate | 20 | Hexagonal | Washing and centrifugation | Antimicrobial and anticancer | Mekky et al. (2021) |
| P. chrysogenum | Zinc acetate dihydrate | 9–35 | Hexagonal | Separation and drying at 80°C for 48 h | Antimicrobial | Mohamed et al. (2021) |
| A. terreus | Zinc acetate | 30.45 | Almost spherical with irregular margins | Ultra-centrifugation, washing and drying at 50°C | Antimicrobial and Antioxidant | Mousa et al. (2021) |
| A. niger | Zinc nitrate | 82–176 | Irregular, individual, and quaternary | – | Antibacterial and Wound healing | Rasha et al. (2021) |
| Yeast | ||||||
| Pichia fermentans | Zinc oxide | – | Smooth, and elongated | – | Antimicrobial | Chauhan et al. (2015) |
| P. kudriavzevii | Zinc acetate dihydrate | ~10–61 | Hexagonal | Centrifugation and drying at 150°C for 6 h | Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer | Moghaddam et al. (2017) |
| Marine yeast | Zinc oxide | 86.27 | Almost round | – | Antioxidant | Aswathy et al. (2017) |