Figure 1.

Time sequence of events during an illustrative (A) positive prime – positive target trial, (B) pain prime – negative target trial, (C) negative prime – negative target trial, (D) pain prime – positive target trial, (E) negative prime – positive target trial, and (F) positive prime – negative target trial. The illustrative trials a, b, and c represent the congruent condition, and the illustrative trials d, e, and f represent the incongruent condition. Briefly, a fixation cross (+) was displayed on the screen. Once participants pressed the start button, they were presented in this order with a blank for 500 ms, the prime stimulus for 150 ms, another blank for 100 ms, and the target stimulus, which remained on the screen until the participants’ response. Participants were instructed to evaluate the valence of the target stimulus and to press a button if positive or another button if negative. Adapted with permission from Gilioli et al. (2023).