Fig. 6.

Treatments of OSCC. a Oncogene-targeted drugs facilitate OSCC chemotherapy. Cetuximab is an antibody that suppresses the EGFR pathway. NVP-BEZ235 is a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor. Flavopereirine silences the JAK/STAT pathway and upregulates LASP1 expression. FLI-06 inactivates the Notch pathway. In the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, OMP-18R5 inhibits Fzd receptors; PRI-724 interrupts the interaction between β-catenin and CBP; and LGK974 targets PORCN. b Immunotherapy is an alternative treatment. Monoclonal antibodies pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and lgG4 have been authorized to target PD-1. LAG-3 and TIM-3 are blocked by their antibodies. IRX-2, comprising IL-2, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, is proven effective against inflammatory immune suppression cytokines in OSCC. Gemtuzmab ozogamicin promotes the differentiation of MDSCs into mature phenotypes, thereby reducing their immunosuppressive properties. EGFR epidermal growth factor receptors, PD-1 programmed death 1, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma