Table 1.

The risks factors, characteristics, epidemiology, and diagnosis of OPMDs

OPMDs	Risk factors	Histopathology	Epidemiology	Diagnosis
Homogeneous OL	▪ Tobacco ▪ Alcohol ▪ BQ ▪ HPV	▪ Superficial surface ▪ White surface ▪ Flat surface ▪ Sharp boundaries	▪ Men aged over 40 ▪ Women non-smoking	▪ Biopsy ▪ Toluidine blue ▪ Salivary diagnostics ▪ Brush biopsy
Non-homogeneous OL		▪ Speckled red lesions ▪ Irregular white lesions ▪ Corrugated epidermis ▪ Wrinkled epidermis ▪ Verrucous surface ▪ Exophytic growth ▪ Nodular outgrowths ▪ Polypoid outgrowths	▪ Men aged 50-70	▪ Biopsy ▪ Toluidine blue ▪ Salivary diagnostics ▪ Brush biopsy
PVL		▪ Verrucous surface ▪ Keratotic surface ▪ Multifocal	▪ Women aged over 60	▪ Biopsy
OE	▪ Tobacco ▪ Alcohol ▪ HPV	▪ Fiery red patch ▪ Smooth surface ▪ Velvety surface ▪ Atrophic epithelium ▪ Thin epithelium ▪ Tough texture (Speckled) ▪ Granular texture (Speckled)	▪ People susceptible to HPV	▪ By exclusion
OSMF	▪ BQ ▪ Areca nuts	▪ Vesicles ▪ Blanching mucosa ▪ Fibrosis ▪ Diffuse boundaries	▪ People aged 20–50	▪ Solid biopsy ▪ Liquid biopsy
Reticular OLP	▪ Psychological stress ▪ Medications ▪ Dental materials ▪ EBV	▪ Wickham striae ▪ Hyperkeratotic plaques	▪ Women aged over 40	▪ Direct immunofluorescence
Erosive OLP		▪ Atrophic ulcers ▪ White striae ▪ Keratinization
Erythematous OLP		▪ Atrophic mucosa
Plaque-like OLP		▪ White lesions ▪ Hyperkeratotic surface
Bullous OLP		▪ Bullae ▪ Ulcerative surface