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. 2023 Sep 22;14:5928. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41668-x

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a River Basins in India considered in the study. b Irrigated grid cells under river interlinking schemes showing change in percentage irrigated area from control run (CTL) to irrigation run (IRR) run (see “Methods”) to increase irrigated area fraction to 80%. c Network between land variable across river basins generated using the algorithm PCMCI (ParCorr). Sectors are labeled as variable symbols (soil moisture-SM, latent heat flux-LH, sensible heat flux-SH) followed by the basin they belong to (Ganga (G, 808,334 km²), Godavari (Go, 302,063 km²), Mahanadi (M, 139,659 km²), Krishna (K, 254,743 km²), Narmada-Tapi (NT, 98,796 km², 65,145 km², respectively—two river basins taken together), and Cauvery (C, 85,624 km²)). Links are only shown if found statistically significant at 99% confidence and are colored same as the node they originate from. For example, link from LH_G to LH_M shows that there is a connection between latent heat fluxes from Ganga and Mahanadi basin. Ratio of incoming to outgoing links in Cauvery basin is very high compared to Ganga and Narmada-Tapi basin.