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. 2023 Sep 22;14:5928. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41668-x

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Connections using PCMCI from Land to atmosphere within basin (first column), between atmospheric variables across all basins (second column), and from atmosphere to land within the basin (third column). A link is shown only if it is found statistically significant at 5% level more than 50% of the time (20 years out of 40 years (1981–2020)). Names are variable symbols followed by the basin they belong to for example, LH_G means latent heat flux from Ganga basin. The first and second column of variables are land variables (soil moisture SM, latent heat flux LH, and sensible heat flux SH) and atmosphere variables (precipitation P, temperature T, relative humidity R, wind speed WS, and incoming short wave radiation SR), respectively, links between which represent land-to-atmosphere connections within each basin. Links between next two columns represent atmosphere to atmosphere connections, for example, there is a link from temperature in Ganga basin (T_Go) to that of Mahanadi basin (T_M’). Links in the last column represent downward connections from atmospheric variables to land variables within basin.