Fig. 3. Male/female ratios for past-year misuse of relevant substances and for overdose mortality (shown in logarithmic axis).

Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon’s tests, followed by Bonferroni correction where appropriate (i.e., opioid misuse data were used both in panels for synthetic opioids and heroin). P values are shown as **** (p = 0.0001) and *** (p = 0.001). Jurisdictions with missing data were excluded from the analysis.