Figure 11.

Calculation of the differential biochemical Jacobian according to Nägele et al. (2014). Shown is a heatmap of Jacobian matrix entries and their respective change from 6 °C growth conditions to 16 °C growth conditions. Color bar: ratios of Jacobian entries 6 °C/16 °C. Ordinate: affected metabolic functions. Abscissa: affecting metabolites. Strong perturbations in biochemical reaction rates in response to changes in metabolite concentrations are marked by dark red and dark blue color values in the heatmap. Fumarate shows substantial changes with respect to aspartate, succinate, and ornithine. Malate shows substantial changes with respect to fumarate. This is in accordance with GWAS analysis (see Fig. 5). In GWAS, we found a SNP marker close to gene FUM2, whose gene product fumarase catalyzes the interconversion between fumarate and malate, to be strongly associated to fumarate levels revealing the overall high variance of fumarate metabolism as a cold response effect in different Arabidopsis ecotypes.