Table 1.
Antioxidant Therapies Used in Preclinical Models and Clinical Trials of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
| Antioxidant | Clinical studies/animal model | Finding | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) | • Patients with UC/CD • TNBS-induced colitis in rats • DSS-induced colitis in mice |
1. Statins reduces risk of CRC in IBD patients 2. Statins decrease risk of new-onset IBD 3. Statins ameliorate experimental colitis in rats 4. Statins ameliorate experimental colitis in mice |
Ananthakrishnan et al. (2016); Kanagarajan et al. (2008); Lei et al. (2016); Lochhead et al. (2020); Maheshwari et al. (2015); Shin et al. (2017); Ungaro et al. (2016) |
| ACE inhibitors | • Patients with UC/CD • TNBS-induced colitis in rats • AA-induced colitis in rats • DSS-induced colitis in mice • IL-10 KO-induced colitis in mice |
1. ACE-I or ARB therapy did not improve outcomes in IBD patients 2. Telmisartan ameliorates experimental colitis in rats 3. Telmisartan ameliorates experimental colitis in mice 4. Enalaprilat ameliorates experimental colitis in mice |
Arab et al. (2014); Arumugam et al. (2015); Fairbrass et al. (2021); Spencer et al. (2007); Sueyoshi et al. (2013) |
| MEL | • Patients with UC • AA-induced colitis in rats • TNBS-induced colitis in mice • DSS-induced colitis in mice |
1. Adjuvant MEL may help in sustaining remission in patients with UC 2. MEL ameliorates experimental colitis in rats 3. MEL ameliorates experimental colitis in mice |
Chojnacki et al. (2010); Esiringü et al. (2016); Nosál'ová et al. (2007); Park et al. (2015); Shin et al. (2017); Zhu et al. (2018); Zielińska et al. (2016) |
| NAC | • Patients with UC • AA-induced colitis in pigs • AA-induced colitis in rats • DSS-induced colitis |
1. NAC does not improve outcomes in patients with mild-to-moderate UC 2. NAC improves remission rates in patients with UC 3. NAC ameliorates experimental colitis in pigs 4. NAC ameliorates experimental colitis in rats 5. NAC ameliorates experimental colitis in mice |
Guijarro et al. (2008); Shirazi et al. (2021); Uraz et al. (2013); Wang et al. (2013); You et al. (2009) |
| Modified SOD | • Patients with UC • DSS-induced colitis in rats • TNBS-induced colitis in mice • DSS-induced colitis in mice |
1. SOD ameliorates colitis in patients with UC 2. SOD ameliorates experimental colitis in rats |
Hori et al. (1997); Hou et al. (2014); Ishihara et al. (2009); Suzuki et al. (2008) |
| PLC | • Patients with UC/CD • TNBS-induced colitis in rats |
1. PLC reduces mucosal inflammation in UC patients 2. PLC improves histological and endoscopic activity in UC patients 3. PLC does not improve clinical outcomes in patients with US 4. PLC ameliorates experimental colitis in rats |
Merra et al. (2012); Mikhailova et al. (2011); Scioli et al. (2014) |
| RSV | • Patients with UC • TNBS-induced colitis in rats • DSS-induced colitis in mice • IL-10 KO-induced colitis in mice |
1. RSV improved clinical colitis activity index score in UC patients 2. RSV ameliorates experimental colitis in rats 3. RSV ameliorates experimental colitis in mice |
Samsami-kor et al. (2015); Singh et al. (2012); Yao et al. (2015); Yildiz et al. (2015) |
| Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) | • Patients with UC • AA-induced colitis in rats • TNBS induced in rats • DSS-induced colitis in mice |
1. Vitamin E is safe for patients with UC 2. Vitamin E ameliorates experimental colitis in rats 3. Vitamin E ameliorates experimental colitis in mice |
Liu et al. (2021); Minaiyan et al. (2011); Mirbagheri et al. (2008); Tahan et al. (2011) |
| Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | • Patients with CD • DSS-induced colitis in mice |
1. Vitamin C supplements improve T cell function in CD, but do not have any effects on humoral immunity 2. Vitamin C ameliorates experimental colitis in mice |
Animashaun et al. (1990); Kondo et al. (2019) |
| Selenium | • Patients with UC • DSS-induced colitis in mice |
1. Selenium supplementation improved stool frequency in patients with UC 2. Selenium-deficient diets worsen experimental colitis, while selenium supplementation ameliorates experimental colitis |
Kaushal et al. (2014); Shi et al. (2021); Stedman et al. (1997); Wu et al. (2021) |
AA, arachidonic acid; ACE, angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CD, Crohn's disease; CRC, colorectal cancer; DSS, dextran sulfate sodium; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL, interleukin; KO, knockout; MEL, melatonin; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; PLC, propionyl-l-carnitine; RSV, resveratrol; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; UC, ulcerative colitis.