Table 1.

Summary of the characteristics of included studies

Author	Sample	Intervention	Control	Outcome(s)	Setting	Study Design
Baldi et al26	SCI (n=26; women=7; mean age 27±1 y) Injury: Frankel A or B, Cx or Tx TSI: 60.5 (±22.5) d	Grp 1: FES-CE (3-30 min, 3 times per week; 3 months n=9; 6 months n=7) Grp 2: FES-IC (1 h, 5p/w; 3 mo n=8; 6 mo n=5)	UC (no FES; 3 mo n=9; 6 mo n=5)	•LBM (total body, gluteal and lower body, kg)	Inpatient, USA	RCT (2-arm)
Bye et al25	SCI (n=30; women=6; median age 46 [25-65] y) Injury: Level C1-S5; ASIA A-D TSI: 2 (1.4-3.1 IQR) mo	Progressive strength (3 times per week, 12 wk; n=30 limbs)	UC (no resistance strength; n=30 limbs)	•Peak maximal isometric muscle strength measured at mid-range (dynamometer) •Spasticity (Ashworth scale) •Muscle fatigue (dynamometer) •Perception of function •Perception of strength (15-pt)	Inpatient, Australia (4 units) India (1 unit)	RCT
Wouda et al24	SCI (n=26; women=5; mean age 41±17 y) Injury: Level Cx-Sx, ASIA A-D TSI: 69 (±29) days	Grp 1: HIIT aerobic (35 min, 2 times per week, 12 wk; n=9) Grp 2: MIT aerobic (45 min, 3 times per week, 12 wk; n=9)	UC (no aerobic training; n=6)	•Physical capacity (V̇o2peak; l/min & ml/kg/min) •Physical activity level (TDEE; kcal/min and daily steps) •RER •HRpeak (beats/min) •Blood lactate (mmol/L)	Inpatient, Norway	RCT (3 parallel groups)
Yildirim et al27	SCI (n=26; women=4; mean age CRT 29.6±8.5; UC 31.9±12.0 y) Injury: Level T5-L4, ASIA A-C and CE TSI: not reported	CRT (60 min, 5 times per week, 6 wk; n=13)	UC (no fixed mechanical strength; n=13)	•Isokinetic strength using dynamometer at varying angular velocities •Muscle strength (Borg 10-pt scale) •FIM (scored 13-91) •QoL (scored −234 to +234)	Tertiary rehab hospital, Turkey	RCT (cross-sectional)

Abbreviations: ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association classification; CE, cauda equine; Cx, cervical spine; HRpeak, peak heart rate; QoL, quality of life; RCT, randomized controlled trial; Sx, sacral; TDEE, total daily energy expenditure; Tx, thoracic spine; UC, usual care.