Table 2.

Summary of exercise interventions and cardiorespiratory, cardiometabolic, muscle strength, and function findings

Study	Training Intervention	Findings
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Wouda et al24	HIIT - 35 min, 2p/w,12 wk vs MIT - 45 min, 3p/w, 12 wk	•No significant improvements in aerobic capacity, aerobic endurance, HRpeak, and physical capacity after 12 weeks training (despite a V̇o2peak increase 13% HIIT, 8% MIT and 10% control).
Cardiometabolic Health
Baldi et al26	FES-CE - 3-30 min, 3p/w, 3 and 6 mo vs FES-IC - 1 h, 5p/w, 3 and 6 mo	•At 3 and 6 mo statistically significant prevention of muscle atrophy with FES-CE & FES-IC.* •By comparison, the control group recorded 6.1%-12.4% (at 3 months) and 9.5%-26.8% (at 6 months) muscle atrophy in all areas.* •Significant increase in LBM in all areas after 6 mo FES-CE compared with control (P<.05).* •Significant increase in LL-LBM with FES-CE compared with control and FES-IC (P<.05).*
Wouda et al24	HIIT - 35 min, 2p/w, 12 wk vs MIT - 45 min, 3p/w, 12 wk	•No statistically significant increase in TDEE after 12 weeks training (despite TDEE increase 7% HIIT, 1% MIT, and 5% control).
Muscle Strength
Bye et al25	Progressive muscle strengthening (manual by therapists) - 3p/w, 12 wk	•Participants also reported clinically meaningful increases in perceived strength after 12 wk progressive muscle strengthening with resistance provided by therapists.* •No clinically meaningful increase in voluntary isometric strength after 12 wk training.
Yildirim et al27	CRT with fixed mechanical resistance equipment - 60 min, 5p/w, 6 wk	•6 wk fixed mechanical CRT significantly improved all but 1 measure (left elbow extension; measured at 180 degrees) of peak muscle torque.* •No statistically significant change in perceived muscle strength with 6 wk CRT.
Function
Bye et al25	Progressive muscle strength training - 3p/w, 12 wk (n=30 limbs)	•Participants perceived clinically meaningful increases in function after 12 wk progressive muscle strengthening.* •No clinically meaningful changes in fatigue ratio reported.
Wouda et al24	HIIT - 35 min, 2p/w, 12 wk vs MIT - 45 min, 3p/w, 12 wk	•No statistically significant increase in total daily steps or distance walked after 12 wk HIIT & MIT.
Yildirim et al27	CRT - 60 min, 5p/w, 6 wk	•Statistically significant increase in self-reported physical function (FIM) with 6 wk CRT (P=.043)*

Abbreviation: HRpeak, peak heart rate.

^⁎Statistically significant findings.