Table 1. Patient Characteristics Stratified by Intervention.
| Characteristic | Patients, No./total No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Control group (n = 13 274) | Intervention group (n = 12 980) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 60 (47-69) | 59 (47-69) |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 29 (24-34) | 29 (24-34) |
| Gender | ||
| Female | 6708/13 274 (50.5) | 6685/12 980 (51.5) |
| Male | 6562/13 274 (49.4) | 6290/12 980 (48.5) |
| Othera | 4/13 274 (0.03) | 5/12 980 (0.04) |
| Race | ||
| Asian | 150/13 274 (1.1) | 147/12 980 (1.1) |
| Black | 2704/13 274 (20.4) | 2623/12 980 (20.2) |
| White | 10 197/13 274 (76.8) | 9972/12 980 (76.8) |
| Otherb | 223/13 274 (1.7) | 238/12 980 (1.8) |
| Surgery type | ||
| Orthopedic | 1509/13 274 (11.4) | 1478/12 980 (11.4) |
| Cardiac and thoracic | 1467/13 274 (11.1) | 1357/12 980 (10.5) |
| Gynecological | 1395/13 274 (10.5) | 1392/12 980 (10.7) |
| Urological | 1402/13 274 (10.6) | 1287/12 980 (9.9) |
| General | 972/13 274 (7.3) | 998/12 980 (7.7) |
| Neurological | 897/13 274 (6.8) | 904/12 980 (7.0) |
| Otolaryngological | 886/13 274 (6.7) | 821/12 980 (6.3) |
| Vascular | 793/13 274 (6.0) | 802/12 980 (6.2) |
| Gastroenterological | 469/13 274 (3.5) | 503/12 980 (3.9) |
| Colorectal | 436/13 274 (3.3) | 430/12 980 (3.3) |
| Transplant | 389/13 274 (2.9) | 367/12 980 (2.8) |
| Hepatobiliary | 344/13 274 (2.6) | 377/12 980 (2.9) |
| Plastics | 175/13 274 (1.3) | 154/12 980 (1.2) |
| Other | 2140/13 274 (16.1) | 2110/12 980 (16.3) |
| ASA physical status classification | ||
| 1 | 550/11 932 (4.6) | 558/11 703 (4.8) |
| 2 | 4661/11 932 (39.1) | 4546/11 703 (38.8) |
| 3 | 5379/11 932 (45.1) | 5378/11 703 (46.0) |
| 4 | 1312/11 932 (11.0) | 1188/11 703 (10.2) |
| 5 | 30/11 932 (0.3) | 33/11 703 (0.3) |
| Barthel Index <100c | 1414/13 274 (10.7) | 1479/12 980 (11.4) |
| Coronary artery disease | 1664/12 154 (13.7) | 1583/11 913 (13.3) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1312/12 154 (10.8) | 1233/11 913 (10.4) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1167/12 154 (9.6) | 1085/11 913 (9.1) |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1033/12 154 (8.5) | 950/11 913 (8.0) |
| Diabetes | 2909/10 296 (28.3) | 2824/10 091 (28.0) |
| Cirrhosis | 262/12 154 (2.2) | 256/11 913 (2.1) |
| Functional capacity <4 METs | 3264/10 702 (30.5) | 3291/10 596 (31.1) |
| Hypertension | 6397/12 154 (52.6) | 6260/11 913 (52.5) |
| COPD or asthma | 2430/12 154 (20.0) | 2379/11 913 (20.0) |
| End-stage kidney disease | 567/12 529 (4.5) | 573/12 274 (4.7) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 882/12 154 (7.3) | 766/11 913 (6.4) |
| Current cancer | 2627/12 154 (21.6) | 2597/11 913 (21.8) |
Abbreviations: ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.
a
Specific genders included in the other category were not specified in the electronic health record.
b
Includes electronic health record entries of American Indian or Alaska Native, multiple races, other race, unknown race, and declined to respond.
c
The Barthel Index measures independence in activities of daily living, with scores ranging from 0 (severe dependence in all domains) to 100 (complete independence in assessed domains).