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. 2023 Aug 14;33(3):407–426. doi: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.04.007

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Treatment response evaluation in PC3 tumor xenografts following ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles (USMB) and radiation. (A) Assessments of cell death; left panels depict hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, right panels depict in situ end labeling (ISEL) staining. First row displays nil, no microbubbles, the middle row displays LMB (low microbubble concentration), bottom row displays high microbubble concentration (HMB). The scale bar represents 2 mm. (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mice exposed to multiple fraction treatments. Treatment included 2 Gy fractions (24 Gy in 12 fractions over 3 week) [BED (10) = 28.8], 2 Gy fractions with two USMB treatments weekly, 3 Gy fractions (45 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 week) [BED (10) = 58.5], and USMB treatments weekly (twice weekly for 3 week). (C) Representative higher-magnification images of ISEL–stained PC3 tumor cross-sections. Top row displays tumors treated with sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) without the presence of USMB. Middle row displays tumors treated with USMB and radiation in the absence of S1P. Last row displays tumors treated with USMB and radiation in the presence of S1P. Increase in ISEL staining can be seen in the middle row without S1P while presence of S1P diminished the cell death (bottom). The scale bar represents 50 microns. (D) Representative results of power Doppler signal in volumetric images for various treatment conditions assessed at 24 h. Group includes no treatment, microbubbles alone, 8 Gy radiation alone, and USMB and 8 Gy radiation (these are depicted from left to right). The scale bar represents 5 mm. From [21].