Table 1.

Effects of Chinese medicine on tumor inflammation and cancer models

TCM		Antitumor inflammatory microenvironment effects	Types of cancer	Cancer models	References
Chinese herbal components	Icaritin	↓IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway	Multiple myeloma	MM xenograft mouse models	[106]
	Ginsenoside Rb1	↓TNF-α and IL-6	Cancer cachexia	C26 cancer cachexia mouse	[107]
	Notoginsenoside R1	↓IL-6↓JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway	Osteosarcoma	U2OS osteosarcoma cells	[108]
	Astragaloside	↓IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway ↓IL-6R, STAT3, survivin, and cyclin D1	Colitis-associated cancer in mice	AOM/DSS mouse model	[109]
	Platycodin D (PD)	↑IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ	H22 hepatocellular carcinoma	Murine solid tumours H22 transplanted model	[110]
	Esculentoside A (EsA)	↓ALDH1A1, Sox2, and Oct4↑proapoptotic proteins, Bax and cleaved caspase-3↓Bcl‐2↓IL‐6/STAT3 pathway	Breast cancer	Murine breast CSCs (EMT6M)	[111]
	Icariin (ICA)	↓TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-10↓Ki67, survivin, Bcl-2, c-Myc↑P16, P53, Bax	Cervical cancer	Mice bearing U14 cervical tumour	[112]
	Aloe emodin	↓JNK↓IL-1β and IL-6↓VEGF and MMP	Breast cancer	4T1 breast cancer cells	[113]
	Osthole	↓MMP-9 and vimentin	Liver cancer	Human liver cancer HepG2 cells	[114]
	Osthole	↓M0-M2↓MRC1, CCL22 and TGF-β↓p-STAT6 and the p-ERK1/2-C/EBP b axis	Pancreatic cancer	C57BL/6 mice model	[114]
	Matrine	↑IFN-γ/TNF-αand IL-p70	Human gastric carcinoma	The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)	[115]
	β-Glycyrrhetinic acid	↓I-κBα和NF-κB↓TNF-α	–	RAW 264.7 cell	[116]
	Baicalin	↓MMP- 2 and MMP- 9↑TIMP- 2↓TLR4, p- IκBα, and NF- κB p65↓TLR4/NF- κB signaling pathway	Colorectal cancer (CRC)	Subcutaneous xenograft tumour mouse model of CT26 cells	[117]
	Curcumin	↓MDSCs↓TLR4/NF κB signaling pathway↓IL 6, IL 1β, prostaglandin E2 and COXe 2	Liver cancer	HepG2 xenograft model	[118]
	Curcumin	↓NF-κB↑TRAIL receptors↑peripheral mononuclear neutrophils	Bladder cancer	MBT-2 murine tumour models	[119]
	Tanshinone IIA, xanthohumol, and curcumin	↓PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, BCL6, VEGF	Glioma	–	[120]
	Matrine	↓PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway	Lung cancer	A549 and 95D lung cancer cells	[121]
Chinese herbal formula	Empirical formula for clearing heat and detoxification	↓TAMs	Endometrial cancer	Xenograft tumor of endometrial carcinoma	[79]
	Taohong Siwu decoction	↓EMT	Breast cancer	HER-2+ breast cancer	[122]
	Eight-treasure decoction	↓hs-CRP, ↓IL-6, IL-8	Breast cancer	–	[123]
	Huatan Tongyu Jiedu recipe	↓Micro-vessel density and ↓VEGF	–	Mice bearing S180 transplanted tumor	[124]
	Huatan Xiaoliu decoction	↓VEGF, ↑nm23 mRNA	Lung cancer	Lewis tumor-bearing mice	[77]
	Xiaotan Sanjie decoction	↑RUNX3↓NF-κB p65	Gastric cancer	Human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901-bearing nude mice	[125]
	Huayu Jiedu Tongluo recipe	↓COX-2↑PGI, G-17; ↓IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α	Stomach cancer	Stomach-collateral stasis-toxin type gastric precancerous lesion	[126]
	Yiqi Huayu Jiedu prescription	↓HIF-1α, VM	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Human hepatocellular carcinoma sorafenib resistant cells in nude mice	[127]
	Modified Huangqi Jianzhong decoction	↓CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling pathway	Lung cancer	Mice bearing Lewis lung cancer with syndrome of spleen qi deficiency	[78]
	Shanxian granule	↓VEGF, MVD	Liver cancer	Liver cancer of qi-deficiency and blood-stasis	[128]

“–” means no expression