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. 2023 Sep 23;14:5937. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41638-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — a SI-AC center-surround receptive field organization. SI-AC has a strong inhibitory “ON center” (top panel, middle) with a weak inhibitory “ON surround” (middle panel, middle), and an excitatory “OFF surround” (middle panel, right) without an opposed “OFF center” (top panel, right). Consequently, full-field ON stimulation produces an inhibition composed of both center and surround inhibitions (bottom panel, middle), while full-field OFF stimulation produces an excitation only from the surround (bottom panel, right). b Schematic diagrams of SI-AC mediated OFF to ON crossover inhibition. a OFF bipolar cells are activated by a dark background (OFF, dark gray bar), leading to a tonic inward current (red trace) in the wide-field AC1. The inward current is slightly reduced by a light spot in the center (ON, light blue bar). b AC1 transfers the inward current to SI-AC via an electrical synapse. c A light spot in the dark activates the ON bipolar cell (blue) which produces a large outward current at ON and a small inward current in OFF (blue trace) in the SI-AC via sign-inverting mGluR8 receptors. d The same (blue) or a different (orange) bipolar cell produces a large inward current at ON and a small outward current in OFF in neurons (PN) postsynaptic to the SI-AC. e Currents from AC1 (b) and ON bipolar cells (c) combine in the SI-AC to gate a Ca²⁺ conductance that leads to a tonic suppression in glycine release and an outward current during OFF and an inward current during ON in the postsynaptic neuron. f The currents from SI-AC (e) and ON bipolar cells (d) combine in the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an enhanced inward current during ON together with a large outward current during OFF. c Model of SI-AC circuitry. In the dark, OFF bipolar cells depolarized SI-AC via a bistratified AC at electrical synapses. Glycine released by SI-AC inhibits ACs (AIIs, VGlut3-ACs), ON-RGCs, and ON-OFF RGCs. A spot of light hyperpolarizes SI-AC via mGluR8, relieving the inhibition and increasing the excitability of postsynaptic neurons that respond during light.