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. 2023 Sep 23;21:346. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02085-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — MicroRNAs (miRNAs) identified in aged extracellular vesicles. a, b Venn diagram and volcano plot analysis of the total miRNAs from aged exosomes with zinc (AZ-EXOs) and without zinc (A-EXOs). c Heatmap of differentially expressed miRNAs between AZ-EXOs and A-EXOs. d, e Bubble plot showing Gene Ontology enrichment in molecular function and signaling pathway enrichment in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. f Network plot of the interactions of enriched biological pathways. g High expression of miRNA-450a-3p, miRNA-301b-3p, miRNA-223-5p, and miRNA-6328 in AZ-EXOs was confirmed using RT-PCR. h, i Dual-luciferase assay was conducted for wild-type and mutated miR-146b-5p recognition sites within the PI3CK 3’UTR. j Western blot and quantitative analysis of PI3CK protein levels (n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)