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. 2023 Sep 23;21:346. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02085-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Analysis of the products after knee implantation in aged rats. a Scanning electron microscopy images of the implant surfaces. b, c Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the micro-arc oxidation implant with zinc acetate addition to the electrolyte (MAO-Zn²⁺) group. d Cumulative concentrations of Zn.²⁺ released from MAO-Zn during the immersion in a PBS solution at 37 °C. e Model diagram and X-ray image of the metal implant model of the aging rat femur. f, g Promoting osteointegration in vivo detected by microCT in 2D or 3D views. h Statistical analysis of bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular separation (Tb.sp) using the acquired microCT data for each group (n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)