Table 2.

Potential Confounding Factors for in-Hospital Mortality of AECOPD Patients

Variables	β	S. E	Wald	OR (95% CI)	P
Gender
Female				Ref
Male	−0.137	0.158	0.747	0.87 (0.64–1.19)	0.387
Age, Year	0.056	0.008	45.320	1.06 (1.04–1.08)	<0.001
Ventilation
No				Ref
Yes	0.662	0.248	7.119	1.94 (1.19–3.16)	0.008
Congestive heart failure
No				Ref
Yes	0.268	0.162	2.723	1.31 (0.95–1.80)	0.099
Atrial fibrillation
No				Ref
Yes	0.950	0.161	35.035	2.59 (1.89–3.54)	<0.001
Renal failure
No				Ref
Yes	0.473	0.195	5.869	1.60 (1.09–2.35)	0.015
Malignant cancer
No				Ref
Yes	0.744	0.195	14.532	2.11 (1.44–3.09)	<0.001
Heart rate, bpm	0.004	0.004	0.793	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	0.373
Systolic blood pressure	−0.006	0.003	2.818	0.99 (0.99–1.00)	0.093
Diastolic blood pressure	−0.015	0.005	10.677	0.98 (0.98–0.99)	0.001
Temperature	−0.400	0.110	13.129	0.67 (0.54–0.83)	<0.001
SPO2	−0.018	0.014	1.741	0.98 (0.96–1.01)	0.187
Respiratory rate	0.022	0.012	3.099	1.02 (1.00–1.05)	0.078
GCS score
<13				Ref
≥13	−1.194	0.164	52.867	0.30 (0.22–0.42)	<0.001
WBC	0.033	0.010	11.124	1.03 (1.01–1.05)	<0.001
Hemoglobin	−0.131	0.038	11.607	0.88 (0.81–0.95)	<0.001
Creatinine	0.130	0.055	5.635	1.14 (1.02–1.27)	0.018
BUN	0.021	0.003	38.527	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	<0.001
Glucose	−0.001	0.001	1.029	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.310
Anion gap	0.017	0.006	8.380	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	0.004
Steroid therapy
No				Ref
Yes	−0.358	0.202	3.156	0.70 (0.47–1.04)	0.076
Infectious diseases
No				Ref
Yes	0.558	0.172	10.575	1.75 (1.25–2.45)	0.001

Abbreviations: Ref, reference; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SPO₂, oxygen saturation; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; WBC, white blood cell; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.