Table 2.

Nutritional and gastrointestinal management in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Issue	Evidence
Tube feeding	Low to high probability (based on the stage of the disease)
Energy needs	Meet DRI
Formula	No special diet or formula
ONS	Possible; consider a speech-language therapist evaluation
Gastroesophageal reflux	Proton pump inhibitors; consider hydrolyzed or natural food enteral formulas
Constipation	PEG; consider hydrolyzed or natural food enteral formulas
Delayed gastric emptying	Meet fiber and fluid needs; prokinetics may be used

DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; DRI: Daily recommended intake; ONS: Oral nutrition supplements; PEG: Polyethylene glycol.