Table 1. . Developed organ-on-a-chip to mimic various human tissues or organs.
| Study (year) | Chip name | Research aims | Cell type | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al. (2021) | Epidermis-on-chip | To mimic normal histological features of the human epidermis | Normal human keratinocytes | [85] |
| Duc et al. (2021) | hNMJ on a micro structured microfluidic device | To create a mature, functional, and reliable human neuromuscular junction | Myoblast (muscle progenitor cells) and hiPSCs | [86] |
| Ahn et al. (2021) | MVEOC | To replicate the physiology of the endometrial environment | HUVECs, EECs and ESFs | [87] |
| França et al. (2020) | Tooth-on-a-chip | To replicate the architecture and dynamics of the dentin-pulp interface | SCAP | [48] |
| Zhao et al. (2020) | Biowire II chip | To create cylindrical cardiac microtissues for cell cultivation | Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac tissues | [88] |
| Sontheimer-Phelps et al. (2020) | Human colon-on-a-chip | To replicate mucous bilayer formations and determine the accumulation of mucous | Primary patient-derived colonic epithelial cells | [89] |
| Bahmaee et al. (2020) | Bone microfluidic chip | To create an 3D environment and determine fluid shear stress of bone | hES-MPs | [90] |
| Mosavati et al. (2020) | Placenta on-a-chip | To reproduce a placental interface between maternal and fetal blood | Trophoblasts cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells | [91] |
| Zhang et al. (2020) | 3D Liver chip | To improve existing models used to mimic the liver | The liver cancer cell line (Hep-G2) | [92] |
| Shanti et al. (2020) | LN on-a-chip | To replicate the lymph node microenvironment | Human EB1, THP-1, and Jurkat cells | [93] |
| Rogal et al. (2020) | WAT on-a-chip | To mimic the structure of the human white adipose tissue-like structure | Human primary mature adipocytes | [94] |
| Jing et al. (2020) | Gut-vessel microsystem | To study the interaction between a host and a microorganism in the gut system | Human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2) and HUVECs | [95] |
| Jalili-Firoozinezhad et al. (2019) | Microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip | To replicate human intestinal epithelium host–microbiome interactions | HIMECs and human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco2 BBE human colorectal carcinoma cell) | [39] |
| Petrosyan et al. (2019) | Glomerulus-on-a-chip | To recapitulate the functions and structure of the glomerulus | Human podocytes and human glomerular endothelial cells | [96] |
| Theobald et al. (2019) | Multi compartment microfluidic liver kidney organ on a chip | To recapitulate hepatic metabolism and renal bio-activation | HepG2 and RPTEC cells | [97] |
| Dai et al. (2019) | Disc-on-a-chip | To simulate and investigate disc metabolism and the in vivo disc microenvironment | Not explained but used a lumbar disc from a mouse | [98] |
| Albers et al. (2019) | Platelet aggregation on-a-chip | To quantify the aggregation of platelet patterns | HUVECs | [99] |
| Zhang et al. (2018) | 3D human lung-on-a-chip | To recreate the human lung structure and functions and evaluate the toxicity of nanoparticles | Lung alveolar epithelial cells and human vascular endothelial cells | [100] |
| Wevers et al. (2018) | Human blood-brain barrier (BBB) on-a-chip | To replicate future therapeutic strategies | Human cell lines of brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes | [101] |
| Jain et al. (2018) | Lung alveolus-on-a-chip | To recapitulate response in vivo, to recapitulate platelet-endothelial dynamics, and to analyze the inhibition of endothelial activation and thrombosis due to a PAR-1 agonist | HUVECs and primary human alveolar (type I and II combined) epithelial cells | [102] |
| Wang et al. (2017) | BBBoC | To mimic in vivo BBB characteristics in the brain | BMECs from hiPSCs and rat primary astrocyte | [103] |
| Banaeiyan et al. (2017) | VLSLL-on-a-chip device | To mimic the central vein of a liver lobule | Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and hiPSC-derived hepatocytes | [104] |
| Musah et al. (2017) | Kidney glomerular-capillary-wall on a chip | To recapitulate the natural tissue or tissue interface of the glomerulus | hiPS cell-derived podocytes and primary human glomerular endothelial cells | [105] |
| Skardal et al. (2017) | Integrated three-tissue organ-on-a-chip (liver, heart, and lung) | To create a tissue organoid and tissue construct that integrates lung, liver, and heart in one chip | Human primary cells, including HSCs, iPSC CMs, vascular endothelial cells, lung epithelial cells, and fibroblasts | [106] |
| Lee et al. (2016) | Placenta on-a-chip | To reproduce the placental barrier | Human trophoblasts (JEG-3) and HUVECs | [107] |
BBBoC: BBB-on-a-chip system; BMEC: Brain microvascular endothelial cells; EEC: Endometrial epithelial cells; ESF: Endometrial stromal fibroblasts; hNMJ: Human neuromuscular junction; HSC: Hepatic stellate cells; hES-MP: Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor cell; HIMEC: Human intestinal microvascular endothelial cell; hiPS: Human-induced pluripotent stem; HUVEC: Human umbilical vein endothelial cell; hiPSC: Human-induced pluripotent stem cell; iPSC CM: Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes; LM: Lymph node; MVEOC: Micro-engineered vascularized endometrium on a chip; SCAP: Stem cells from apical papilla; VLSLL: Very large-scale liver-lobule; WAT: White adipose tissue.