Table 3. . Studies on cancer growth, neovascularization, progression, migration and metastasis using organ-on-a-chips.

Authors	Overview of the Study	Ref.
Chramiec et al. (2020)	To develop an integrated OOAC to reproduce bone Ewing Sarcoma and cardiac muscle to study the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs and cardiotoxicity and then compared the result from OOAC studies with the clinical trial results. The OOAC allowed the monitoring of cancer cell growth and assessment of anti-cancer efficacy and cardiotoxicity.	[135]
Liu et al. (2020)	To develop a micro-tumor using a microfluidic device to study anti-cancer drugs.	[136]
Weng et al. (2020)	To fabricate an integrate chip to analyse the effect of the potential toxicity of chemotherapeutics.	[137]
Oliver et al. (2020)	To prepare a microfluidic blood brain niche (μm-BBN) platform and study the tumor microenvironment and brain micro-metastasis.	[138]
Mamani et al. (2020); Xiao et al. (2019)	To use OOAC for cancer studies to recapitulate glioblastoma tumors and evaluate drugs for therapy.	[133,139]
Miller et al. (2018)	To develop a 3D human renal cell carcinoma-on-chip using primary human clear cell renal cell carcinoma and examine the ability of cells to stimulate tumor angiogenesis as a basis for pharmaceutical blockade studies.	[140]
Hassel et al. (2017)	To develop human orthotopic lung cancer-on-a-chip. The lung cancer-on-a-chip can be used to study lung cancer behaviours, rampant growth in a microenvironment, and tumor responses to therapy.	[119]
Montanez-Sauri et al. (2013)	To develop 3D microenvironment in a microfluidic chip and compare between 2D and 3D influences for the growth of human T47D cells. The microfluidic chip 3D microenvironment significantly influences the development of the cells more when compared with 2D culture.	[141]

OOAC: Organ-on-a-chip.