Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics and bivariate analysis of child’s nutritional status and potential factors
Child’s nutritional status | P-value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 6090) |
Normal (n = 5022) |
Overweight/ obesity (n = 1068) |
|||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Personal level | |||||||
Age (n = 6090) | |||||||
6 years old | 921 | 15.1 | 773 | 83.9 | 148 | 16.1 | 0.134 |
7 years old | 869 | 14.3 | 734 | 84.5 | 135 | 15.5 | |
8 years old | 918 | 15.1 | 768 | 83.7 | 150 | 16.3 | |
9 years old | 900 | 14.8 | 732 | 81.3 | 168 | 18.7 | |
10 years old | 858 | 14.1 | 698 | 81.4 | 160 | 18.6 | |
11 years old | 891 | 14.6 | 732 | 82.2 | 159 | 17.8 | |
12 years old | 733 | 12.0 | 585 | 79.8 | 148 | 20.2 | |
Sex (n = 6090) | |||||||
Boys | 3105 | 51.0 | 2535 | 81.6 | 570 | 18.4 | 0.890 |
Girls | 2985 | 49.0 | 2487 | 83.3 | 498 | 16.7 | |
Child’s FCS (n = 6079) | |||||||
Acceptable (> 35) | 4166 | 68.5 | 3405 | 81.7 | 761 | 18.3 | 0.022 |
Borderline (21–35) | 1720 | 28.3 | 1439 | 83.7 | 281 | 16.3 | |
Poor (< 21) | 193 | 3.2 | 170 | 88.1 | 23 | 11.9 | |
Familial level | |||||||
Father’s education (n = 5452) | |||||||
No school | 107 | 2.0 | 101 | 94.4 | 6 | 5.6 | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 1703 | 31.2 | 1507 | 88.5 | 196 | 11.5 | |
Middle school | 1056 | 19.3 | 900 | 85.2 | 156 | 14.8 | |
High school | 1896 | 34.8 | 1513 | 79.8 | 383 | 20.2 | |
Higher education | 690 | 12.7 | 492 | 71.3 | 198 | 28.7 | |
Mother’s education (n = 5831) | |||||||
No school | 120 | 2.0 | 109 | 90.8 | 11 | 9.2 | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 1814 | 31.1 | 1585 | 87.4 | 229 | 12.6 | |
Middle school | 1322 | 22.7 | 1141 | 86.3 | 181 | 13.7 | |
High school | 1835 | 31.5 | 1439 | 78.4 | 396 | 21.6 | |
Higher education | 740 | 12.7 | 532 | 71.9 | 208 | 28.1 | |
Living with grandparents (n = 6081) | |||||||
Yes | 1375 | 22.6 | 1121 | 81.5 | 254 | 18.5 | 0.294 |
No | 4706 | 77.4 | 3895 | 82.8 | 811 | 17.2 | |
Father’s perception of child’s food consumption (n = 4593) | |||||||
Less than adequate | 679 | 14.8 | 635 | 93.5 | 44 | 6.5 | < 0.001 |
Just adequate | 2831 | 61.6 | 2356 | 83.2 | 475 | 16.8 | |
More than adequate | 1083 | 23.6 | 848 | 78.3 | 235 | 21.7 | |
Mother’s perception of child’s food consumption (n = 5554) | |||||||
Less than adequate | 648 | 11.7 | 587 | 90.6 | 61 | 9.4 | < 0.001 |
Just adequate | 3046 | 54.8 | 2563 | 84.1 | 483 | 15.9 | |
More than adequate | 1860 | 33.5 | 1456 | 78.3 | 404 | 21.7 | |
Father’s FCS (n = 4639) | |||||||
Acceptable (> 35) | 2884 | 62.2 | 2388 | 82.8 | 496 | 17.2 | 0.112 |
Borderline (21–35) | 1586 | 34.2 | 1338 | 84.4 | 248 | 15.6 | |
Poor (< 21) | 169 | 3.6 | 149 | 88.2 | 20 | 11.8 | |
Mother’s FCS (n = 5589) | |||||||
Acceptable (> 35) | 3354 | 60.0 | 2765 | 82.4 | 589 | 17.6 | 0.121 |
Borderline (21–35) | 2037 | 36.5 | 1693 | 83.1 | 344 | 16.9 | |
Poor (< 21) | 198 | 3.5 | 174 | 87.9 | 24 | 12.1 | |
Father’s nutritional status (n = 4758) | |||||||
Underweight | 344 | 7.2 | 322 | 93.6 | 22 | 6.4 | < 0.001 |
Normal | 2949 | 62.0 | 2577 | 87.4 | 372 | 12.6 | |
Overweight | 1202 | 25.3 | 909 | 75.6 | 293 | 24.4 | |
Obesity | 263 | 5.5 | 167 | 63.5 | 96 | 36.5 | |
Mother’s nutritional status (n = 5657) | |||||||
Underweight | 207 | 3.7 | 167 | 80.7 | 40 | 19.3 | 0.011 |
Normal | 2621 | 46.3 | 2209 | 84.3 | 412 | 15.7 | |
Overweight | 1932 | 34.2 | 1582 | 81.9 | 350 | 18.1 | |
Obesity | 897 | 15.9 | 716 | 79.8 | 181 | 20.2 | |
Environmental level | |||||||
Region (n = 6090) | |||||||
Rural | 2467 | 40.5 | 2170 | 88.0 | 297 | 12.0 | < 0.001 |
Urban | 3623 | 59.5 | 2852 | 78.7 | 771 | 21.3 | |
Father’s language (n = 5051) | |||||||
Indonesia | 733 | 14.5 | 558 | 76.1 | 175 | 23.9 | < 0.001 |
Other | 3211 | 63.6 | 2765 | 86.1 | 446 | 13.9 | |
Indonesia and other | 1107 | 21.9 | 881 | 79.6 | 226 | 20.4 | |
Mother’s language (n = 5711) | |||||||
Indonesia | 888 | 15.5 | 666 | 75.0 | 222 | 25.0 | < 0.001 |
Other | 3600 | 63.0 | 3060 | 85.0 | 540 | 15.0 | |
Indonesia and other | 1223 | 21.5 | 1002 | 81.9 | 221 | 18.1 | |
Ethnicity (n = 6056) | |||||||
Sundanese | 740 | 12.2 | 617 | 83.4 | 123 | 16.6 | < 0.001 |
Acehnese | 11 | 0.2 | 5 | 45.5 | 6 | 54.5 | |
Ambon | 2 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Bali | 286 | 4.7 | 236 | 82.5 | 50 | 17.5 | |
Banjar | 203 | 3.4 | 165 | 81.3 | 38 | 18.7 | |
Banten | 24 | 0.4 | 24 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Batak | 362 | 6.0 | 315 | 87.0 | 47 | 13.0 | |
Betawi | 283 | 4.7 | 214 | 75.6 | 69 | 24.4 | |
Bima-Dompu | 118 | 1.9 | 109 | 92.4 | 9 | 7.6 | |
Bugis | 259 | 4.3 | 221 | 85.3 | 38 | 14.7 | |
Cirebon | 2 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 100.0 | |
Chinese | 14 | 0.2 | 8 | 57.1 | 6 | 42.9 | |
Dayak | 3 | 0.0 | 2 | 66.7 | 1 | 33.3 | |
Javanese | 2415 | 39.9 | 1919 | 79.5 | 496 | 20.5 | |
Komering | 19 | 0.3 | 17 | 89.5 | 2 | 10.5 | |
Maduranese | 135 | 2.2 | 117 | 86.7 | 18 | 13.3 | |
Makasar | 123 | 2.0 | 109 | 88.6 | 14 | 11.4 | |
Manado | 2 | 0.0 | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | |
Melayu | 39 | 0.6 | 28 | 71.8 | 11 | 28.2 | |
Minang | 368 | 6.1 | 305 | 82.9 | 63 | 17.1 | |
Nias | 40 | 0.7 | 39 | 97.5 | 1 | 2.5 | |
Palembang | 60 | 1.0 | 47 | 78.3 | 13 | 21.7 | |
Sasak | 253 | 4.2 | 234 | 92.5 | 19 | 7.5 | |
Sumbawa | 25 | 0.4 | 23 | 92.0 | 2 | 8.0 | |
Other Southern Sumatrans | 234 | 3.9 | 203 | 86.8 | 31 | 13.2 | |
Toraja | 36 | 0.6 | 33 | 91.7 | 3 | 8.3 |
Fisher’s exact test. FCS: food consumption score