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. 2023 Sep 25;23:484. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-04321-6

Table 1.

Participants’ characteristics and bivariate analysis of child’s nutritional status and potential factors

Child’s nutritional status P-value
Total
(n = 6090)
Normal
(n = 5022)
Overweight/
obesity
(n = 1068)
n % n % n %
Personal level
Age (n = 6090)
 6 years old 921 15.1 773 83.9 148 16.1 0.134
 7 years old 869 14.3 734 84.5 135 15.5
 8 years old 918 15.1 768 83.7 150 16.3
 9 years old 900 14.8 732 81.3 168 18.7
 10 years old 858 14.1 698 81.4 160 18.6
 11 years old 891 14.6 732 82.2 159 17.8
 12 years old 733 12.0 585 79.8 148 20.2
Sex (n = 6090)
 Boys 3105 51.0 2535 81.6 570 18.4 0.890
 Girls 2985 49.0 2487 83.3 498 16.7
Child’s FCS (n = 6079)
 Acceptable (> 35) 4166 68.5 3405 81.7 761 18.3 0.022
 Borderline (21–35) 1720 28.3 1439 83.7 281 16.3
 Poor (< 21) 193 3.2 170 88.1 23 11.9
Familial level
Father’s education (n = 5452)
 No school 107 2.0 101 94.4 6 5.6 < 0.001
 Primary school 1703 31.2 1507 88.5 196 11.5
 Middle school 1056 19.3 900 85.2 156 14.8
 High school 1896 34.8 1513 79.8 383 20.2
 Higher education 690 12.7 492 71.3 198 28.7
Mother’s education (n = 5831)
 No school 120 2.0 109 90.8 11 9.2 < 0.001
 Primary school 1814 31.1 1585 87.4 229 12.6
 Middle school 1322 22.7 1141 86.3 181 13.7
 High school 1835 31.5 1439 78.4 396 21.6
 Higher education 740 12.7 532 71.9 208 28.1
Living with grandparents (n = 6081)
 Yes 1375 22.6 1121 81.5 254 18.5 0.294
 No 4706 77.4 3895 82.8 811 17.2
Father’s perception of child’s food consumption (n = 4593)
 Less than adequate 679 14.8 635 93.5 44 6.5 < 0.001
 Just adequate 2831 61.6 2356 83.2 475 16.8
 More than adequate 1083 23.6 848 78.3 235 21.7
Mother’s perception of child’s food consumption (n = 5554)
 Less than adequate 648 11.7 587 90.6 61 9.4 < 0.001
 Just adequate 3046 54.8 2563 84.1 483 15.9
 More than adequate 1860 33.5 1456 78.3 404 21.7
Father’s FCS (n = 4639)
 Acceptable (> 35) 2884 62.2 2388 82.8 496 17.2 0.112
 Borderline (21–35) 1586 34.2 1338 84.4 248 15.6
 Poor (< 21) 169 3.6 149 88.2 20 11.8
Mother’s FCS (n = 5589)
 Acceptable (> 35) 3354 60.0 2765 82.4 589 17.6 0.121
 Borderline (21–35) 2037 36.5 1693 83.1 344 16.9
 Poor (< 21) 198 3.5 174 87.9 24 12.1
Father’s nutritional status (n = 4758)
 Underweight 344 7.2 322 93.6 22 6.4 < 0.001
 Normal 2949 62.0 2577 87.4 372 12.6
 Overweight 1202 25.3 909 75.6 293 24.4
 Obesity 263 5.5 167 63.5 96 36.5
Mother’s nutritional status (n = 5657)
 Underweight 207 3.7 167 80.7 40 19.3 0.011
 Normal 2621 46.3 2209 84.3 412 15.7
 Overweight 1932 34.2 1582 81.9 350 18.1
 Obesity 897 15.9 716 79.8 181 20.2
Environmental level
Region (n = 6090)
 Rural 2467 40.5 2170 88.0 297 12.0 < 0.001
 Urban 3623 59.5 2852 78.7 771 21.3
Father’s language (n = 5051)
 Indonesia 733 14.5 558 76.1 175 23.9 < 0.001
 Other 3211 63.6 2765 86.1 446 13.9
 Indonesia and other 1107 21.9 881 79.6 226 20.4
Mother’s language (n = 5711)
 Indonesia 888 15.5 666 75.0 222 25.0 < 0.001
 Other 3600 63.0 3060 85.0 540 15.0
 Indonesia and other 1223 21.5 1002 81.9 221 18.1
Ethnicity (n = 6056)
 Sundanese 740 12.2 617 83.4 123 16.6 < 0.001
 Acehnese 11 0.2 5 45.5 6 54.5
 Ambon 2 0.0 2 100.0 0 0.0
 Bali 286 4.7 236 82.5 50 17.5
 Banjar 203 3.4 165 81.3 38 18.7
 Banten 24 0.4 24 100.0 0 0.0
 Batak 362 6.0 315 87.0 47 13.0
 Betawi 283 4.7 214 75.6 69 24.4
 Bima-Dompu 118 1.9 109 92.4 9 7.6
 Bugis 259 4.3 221 85.3 38 14.7
 Cirebon 2 0.0 0 0.0 2 100.0
 Chinese 14 0.2 8 57.1 6 42.9
 Dayak 3 0.0 2 66.7 1 33.3
 Javanese 2415 39.9 1919 79.5 496 20.5
 Komering 19 0.3 17 89.5 2 10.5
 Maduranese 135 2.2 117 86.7 18 13.3
 Makasar 123 2.0 109 88.6 14 11.4
 Manado 2 0.0 1 50.0 1 50.0
 Melayu 39 0.6 28 71.8 11 28.2
 Minang 368 6.1 305 82.9 63 17.1
 Nias 40 0.7 39 97.5 1 2.5
 Palembang 60 1.0 47 78.3 13 21.7
 Sasak 253 4.2 234 92.5 19 7.5
 Sumbawa 25 0.4 23 92.0 2 8.0
 Other Southern Sumatrans 234 3.9 203 86.8 31 13.2
 Toraja 36 0.6 33 91.7 3 8.3

Fisher’s exact test. FCS: food consumption score