Table 2.
Socio-demographic, anthropometric, TB- and DM-related characteristics of study participants by glycaemic control outcome
| All (N = 31) | Controlleda (N = 12) | Uncontrolleda (N = 14) | Indeterminate (N = 5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | ||||
| Mean, SD | 52.0 (12.4) | 48.2 (11.3) | 60.6 (15.1) | 52.0 (12.4) |
| Median, Range | 52.0 (30.0—83.0) | 54.5 (30.0—69.0) | 47.0 (31.0—66.0) | 63.0 (43.0—83.0) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 9 | 2 (22%) | 5 (56%) | 2 (22%) |
| Male | 22 | 10 (45%) | 9 (41%) | 3 (14%) |
| Region | ||||
| Negros Occidental | 13 | 6 (46%) | 6 (46%) | 1 (8%) |
| Cebu | 10 | 5 (50%) | 4 (40%) | 1 (10%) |
| Manila | 8 | 1 (12%) | 4 (50%) | 3 (38%) |
| Income level | ||||
| Less than 5,000 PHP | 13 | 6 (46%) | 6 (46%) | 1 (8%) |
| 5000—9999 PHP | 5 | 1 (20%) | 3 (60%) | 1 (20%) |
| > 10,000 PHP | 13 | 5 (38%) | 5 (38%) | 3 (23%) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 4 | 1 (25%) | 2 (50%) | 1 (25%) |
| Married | 21 | 8 (38%) | 11 (52%) | 2 (10%) |
| Divorced/separated | 2 | 0 | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) |
| Widowed | 4 | 3 (75%) | 0 | 1 (25%) |
| Unemployed | ||||
| Yes | 18 | 7 (39%) | 9 (50%) | 2 (11%) |
| No | 13 | 5 (38%) | 5 (38%) | 3 (23%) |
| Insurance (public or private) | ||||
| No insurance | 6 | 3 (50%) | 2 (33%) | 1 (17%) |
| Insurance | 21 | 7 (33%) | 10 (48%) | 4 (19%) |
| BMI classificationb | ||||
| Normal (18.5–25.0 kg/m2) | 22 | 10 (45%) | 10 (45%) | 2 (9%) |
| Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 5 | 2 (40%) | 2 (40%) | 1 (20%) |
| Overweight or obese (≥ 25.0 kg/m2) | 4 | 0 | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) |
| Blood pressure at baselinec | ||||
| Normal (SBP < 120 mmHg, DBP < 80 mmHg) | 10 | 5 (50%) | 5 (50%) | 0 |
| Elevated (SBP 120–129 mmHg, DBP < 80 mmHg) | 2 | 2 (67%) | 1 (33%) | 0 |
| Stage 1 Hypertension (SBP 130–139 mmHg, DBP 80–89 mmHg) | 11 | 3 (30%) | 6 (60%) | 1 (10%) |
| Stage 2 Hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ 90 mmHg) | 8 | 2 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 4 (50%) |
| Central obesityd | ||||
| Normal | 4 | 3 (75%) | 1 (25%) | 0 |
| Central obesity | 27 | 9 (33%) | 13 (48%) | 5 (19%) |
| Timing of DM diagnosise | ||||
| Newly diagnosed | 13 | 6 (46%) | 4 (31%) | 3 (23%) |
| Previously diagnosed | 18 | 6 (33%) | 10 (56%) | 2 (11%) |
| Use of insulinf | ||||
| No use | 26 | 9 (35%) | 12 (46%) | 5 (19%) |
| Use | 5 | 3 (60%) | 2 (40%) | 0 |
| Use of metforminf | ||||
| No use | 3 | 1 (33%) | 1 (33%) | 1 (33%) |
| Use | 28 | 11 (39%) | 13 (46%) | 4 (14%) |
| Report of any DM complicationg | ||||
| No | 21 | 7 (33%) | 9 (43%) | 5 (24%) |
| Yes | 10 | 5 (50%) | 5 (50%) | 0 |
| New versus relapse TB case | ||||
| New | 20 | 6 (30%) | 11 (55%) | 3 (15%) |
| Relapse | 10 | 6 (60%) | 2 (20%) | 2 (20%) |
| Type of TB infection | ||||
| Drug Sensitive | 20 | 6 (30%) | 10 (50%) | 4 (20%) |
| Drug Resistant | 11 | 6 (55%) | 4 (36%) | 1 (9%) |
In addition to basic sociodemographic variables, characteristics shown only for factors found to be significant in univariable regressions with a Wald P-value < 0.1 (Table 1)
BMI Body Mass Index, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, DSSM Direct sputum smear microscopy, HbA1c Glycosylated haemoglobin, HT Hypertension, mmHg Millimetre of Mercury, PHP Philippine peso, SD Standard deviation, SBP Systolic blood pressure, TB Tuberculosis
aAmongst those with ≥ 2 HbA1c results: Uncontrolled (at least two study-measured HbA1c results equal to or greater than 8%); controlled (at least two study-measured HbA1c results less than 8%). Status was indeterminate if HbA1c data did not qualify into a glycaemic control category
bWorld Health Organization (WHO) criteria for adults [42]
c2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines [43]
dWaist-to-hip ratio using WHO recommendations for diagnosing metabolic syndrome [44]; > 0.85 for women and > 0.9 for men
ePreviously-diagnosed: self-report of doctor diagnosis at enrolment into TB treatment, confirmed by self-reported use of standard glucose-lowering medication (insulin, gliclazide, metformin) if HbA1c result < 6.5%. Newly-diagnosed: HbA1c ≥ 6.5% test result during their TB treatment period, confirmed by self-report of an outside DM diagnosis or use of a standard glucose-lowering if no subsequent HbA1c results ≥ 6.5%
fSelf-reported any point during TB treatment
gAfter enrolment in TB treatment, report of experiencing diabetic complications [45]: ever lost a limb or digit not through trauma, ever had a bypass or stenting surgery in limbs, non-healing wound for three or more months, heart attack, stroke, bypass or stenting heart surgery, diagnosis of angina or heart failure, cataract or laser eye surgery, glaucoma, acquired blindness not due to trauma, difficulty seeing or disturbed vision, renal failure, and if participant had any symptom of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument [46]