Table 2.
Patients’ background and cognitive measures
| N | 237 |
|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 168/69 |
| Age (years) | 66.4 ± 8.6 (34–88) |
| Education (years) | 10.4 ± 4.6 (1–21) |
| Disease duration (years) | 7.8 ± 4.1 (1–19) |
| UPDRS* | 14.5 ± 6.7 (2–28) |
| H&Y (%)* | |
| Stage 1 | 7.8% |
| Stage 1.5 | 7.8% |
| Stage 2 | 42.2% |
| Stage 2.5 | 17.2% |
| Stage 3 | 20.3% |
| Stage 4 | 3.1% |
| LEDD* | 759.1 ± 420.8 (100–2200) |
| MoCA (raw scores) | 20.1 ± 4.6 (9–29) |
| Below-cut-off (%) | 31.2% |
| MMSE (raw scores)# | 26.8 ± 2.8 (14–30) |
| Below-cut-off (%) | 14.8% |
| PD-CRS (raw scores)° | 65.5 ± 20.2 (21–107) |
| Below-cut-off (%) | 42.6% |
| Second-level cognitive battery§ | |
| SCWT-Word-naming | 50.2 ± 18 (12–89) |
| SCWT-Colour-naming | 33.6 ± 11.2 (6–56) |
| SCWT-Interference | 12.5 ± 7.4 (0–31) |
| Trail-Making Test-A | 79.8 ± 65.8 (18–435) |
| Trail-Making Test -B | 211.6 ± 152.1 (0–708) |
| Trail-Making Test -B-A | 141.7 ± 108.2 (20–409) |
| Phonemic Verbal Fluency | 26.3 ± 13.5 (7–67) |
| Backward Digit Span | 3.3 ± 1.1 (1–6) |
| ENPA-Noun-naming | 9.8 ± 0.4 (9–10) |
| ENPA-Verb-naming | 9 ± 1 (6–10) |
| Semantic Verbal Fluency | 16 ± 6 (4.8–33.8) |
| RAVLT-Immediate recall | 33.2 ± 12.9 (11–64) |
| RAVLT-Delayed recall | 6.4 ± 3.5 (0–15) |
| Babcock Memory Test | 7.7 ± 4.6 (0–16) |
| Design Copy | 11.2 ± 2.7 (4–14) |
| BJLO | 16.6 ± 7.6 (0–30) |
PD Parkinson’s disease, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scales [29], H&Y Hoehn & Yahr scale [30] LEDD levodopa equivalent daily dose, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, PD-CRS Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale, SCWT Stroop Colour-Word Test, RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, BJLO Benton Judgment of Line Orientation
*Data available for N = 64 patients;; #data available for N = 169 patients; °data available for N = 68 patients; §data available for N = 60 patients