Table 3.
Separate and joint association of social isolation and loneliness with long-term risk of T2DM in the CHARLS cohort.
| N | Cases/Person-years | Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) | Model 3 HR (95% CI) | PAF (%) (95% CI [%]) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Separate effects | ||||||
| Social isolation | 3.90 (1.03–6.76) | |||||
| No isolated | 10,816 | 947/63,145 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | |
| Isolated | 2,984 | 302/16,957 | 1.17 (1.02–1.33) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 1.22 (1.06–1.40) | |
| Loneliness | 6.65 (3.17–10.12) | |||||
| No loneliness | 9,733 | 826/56,803 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | |
| Loneliness | 4,067 | 423/23,299 | 1.22 (1.09–1.38) | 1.24 (1.10–1.40) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | |
| Pinteraction | 0.610 | 0.627 | 0.758 | |||
| Joint effects | 8.41 (3.99–12.83) | |||||
| No loneliness | ||||||
| No isolated | 8,060 | 674/47,202 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | |
| Isolated | 1,673 | 152/9,601 | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 1.12 (0.93–1.34) | 1.17 (0.97–1.40) | |
| Loneliness | ||||||
| No isolated | 2,756 | 273/15,943 | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 1.20 (1.04–1.38) | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | |
| Isolated | 1,311 | 150/7,356 | 1.39 (1.16–1.67) | 1.44 (1.19–1.73) | 1.42 (1.18–1.71) | |
| Ptrend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; DM, diabetes mellitus; PAF, population attributed fraction; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity.
Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, location, income, educational level, currently employed, currently smoking, drinking frequency, physical activity, and BMI.
Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, location, income, educational level, currently employed, currently smoking, drinking frequency, physical activity, BMI, heart problems, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, and medication for hypertension and hyperlipidemia.