Table 2.
Cohen's d effect sizes of combined treatment of antidepressants and STPP v. antidepressants at post-treatment and follow-up for the different moderator levels
| k | n | Post-treatment | Follow-up | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator levels | d | 95% CI | p | d | 95% CI | p | ||
| Gender | 7 | 478 | ||||||
| Male | −0.450 | −0.734 to −0.166 | 0.002 | −0.622 | −0.918 to −0.326 | <0.0001 | ||
| Female | −0.169 | −0.379 to 0.041 | 0.11 | −0.450 | −0.670 to −0.230 | <0.0001 | ||
| Marital status | 6 | 397 | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | −0.295 | −0.546 to −0.044 | 0.02 | −0.567 | −0.808 to −0.326 | <0.0001 | ||
| Single | −0.311 | −0.599 to −0.023 | 0.03 | −0.468 | −0.740 to −0.196 | 0.0008 | ||
| Divorced/widowed | −0.085 | −0.516 to 0.346 | 0.70 | −0.344 | −0.767 to 0.079 | 0.11 | ||
| Educationa | 6 | 397 | ||||||
| ⩽8 years | −0.577 | −0.885 to −0.269 | 0.0002 | −0.762 | −1.066 to −0.458 | <0.0001 | ||
| 9–12 years | −0.221 | −0.531 to 0.089 | 0.16 | −0.398 | −0.688 to −0.108 | 0.007 | ||
| 13–15 years | 0.078 | −0.230 to 0.386 | 0.62 | −0.225 | −0.517 to 0.067 | 0.13 | ||
| >15 years | −0.337 | −0.790 to 0.116 | 0.14 | −0.752 | −1.183 to −0.321 | 0.0006 | ||
| Job status | 7 | 470 | ||||||
| Employed/student | −0.285 | −0.508 to −0.062 | 0.01 | −0.522 | −0.761 to −0.283 | <0.0001 | ||
| Other | −0.234 | −0.489 to 0.021 | 0.07 | −0.516 | −0.777 to −0.255 | 0.0001 | ||
| Religion | 2 | 187 | ||||||
| No | −0.287 | −0.681 to 0.107 | 0.15 | −0.169 | −0.532 to 0.194 | 0.36 | ||
| Yes | −0.429 | −0.958 to 0.100 | 0.11 | −0.617 | −1.101 to −0.133 | 0.01 | ||
| Episode durationb | 3 | 250 | ||||||
| <1 year | −0.089 | −0.381 to 0.203 | 0.55 | −0.274 | −0.544 to −0.004 | 0.05 | ||
| 1–2 years | 0.071 | −0.509 to 0.651 | 0.81 | −0.729 | −1.246 to −0.212 | 0.006 | ||
| >2 years | −0.786 | −1.415 to −0.157 | 0.01 | −0.441 | −0.980 to 0.098 | 0.11 | ||
| Prior treatment | 3 | 302 | ||||||
| No | −0.311 | −0.583 to −0.039 | 0.03 | −0.199 | −0.460 to 0.062 | 0.13 | ||
| Yes | −0.411 | −0.756 to −0.066 | 0.02 | −0.515 | −0.842 to −0.188 | 0.002 | ||
| Prior depressive episode | 5 | 419 | ||||||
| No | −0.317 | −0.584 to −0.050 | 0.02 | −0.486 | −0.770 to −0.202 | 0.0008 | ||
| Yes | −0.233 | −0.480 to 0.014 | 0.06 | −0.415 | −0.680 to −0.150 | 0.002 | ||
| History of hospitalization | 3 | 302 | ||||||
| No | −0.304 | −0.551 to −0.057 | 0.02 | −0.285 | −0.522 to −0.048 | 0.02 | ||
| Yes | −0.871 | −1.496 to −0.246 | 0.01 | −0.603 | −1.197 to −0.009 | 0.05 | ||
| Comorbid personality disorder | 5 | 363 | ||||||
| No | −0.179 | −0.434 to 0.076 | 0.17 | −0.485 | −0.757 to −0.213 | 0.0005 | ||
| Yes | −0.096 | −0.388 to 0.196 | 0.52 | −0.398 | −0.706 to −0.090 | 0.01 | ||
| Comorbid anxiety disorderc | 4 | 211 | ||||||
| No | −0.460 | −0.821 to −0.099 | 0.01 | −0.959 | −1.314 to −0.604 | <0.0001 | ||
| Yes | −0.177 | −0.457 to 0.103 | 0.22 | −0.476 | −0.750 to −0.202 | 0.0007 | ||
| Baseline HAMD | 7 | 479 | ||||||
| Average | −0.204 | −0.339 to −0.069 | 0.003 | −0.466 | −0.631 to −0.301 | <0.0001 | ||
| Per s.d. increase | −0.493 | −0.603 to −0.383 | <0.0001 | −0.597 | −0.726 to −0.468 | <0.0001 | ||
| Age | 7 | 478 | ||||||
| Average | −0.261 | −0.449 to −0.073 | 0.007 | −0.494 | −0.694 to −0.294 | <0.0001 | ||
| Per year increase | −0.013 | −0.029 to 0.003 | 0.10 | 0.002 | −0.014 to 0.018 | 0.80 | ||
| CGI-S | 4 | 256 | ||||||
| Average | −0.117 | −0.354 to 0.120 | 0.33 | −0.426 | −0.649 to −0.203 | 0.0002 | ||
| Per point increase | 0.087 | −0.142 to 0.316 | 0.46 | 0.093 | −0.127 to 0.313 | 0.41 | ||
| GAF | 3 | 266 | ||||||
| Average | −0.209 | −0.462 to 0.044 | 0.11 | −0.224 | −0.530 to 0.082 | 0.15 | ||
| Per point increase | 0.003 | −0.013 to 0.019 | 0.71 | 0.007 | −0.011 to 0.025 | 0.44 | ||
| Comorbid anxiety symptom level | 5 | 376 | ||||||
| Average | −0.267 | −0.467 to −0.067 | 0.009 | −0.504 | −0.698 to −0.310 | <0.0001 | ||
| Per s.d. increase | −0.026 | −0.189 to 0.137 | 0.75 | −0.233 | −0.390 to −0.076 | 0.004 | ||
CGI-S, Clinical Global Impression subscale ‘Severity of Illness’; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; STPP, short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Note. Negative signs indicate lower depressive symptom levels (i.e. better outcomes) in the combined antidepressants and STPP treatment condition than in the comparison condition. Numbers printed in bold indicate statistically significant time-by-moderator-by-treatment three-way interactions (p < 0.05). For categorical variables, this indicates a significant difference between the treatment effect in this category and another (see below). For continuous variables, the first effect size (‘Average’) reflects the treatment comparison for participants with baseline scores at the average of the study sample, while the second number (‘Per … increase’) reflects the additional effect for each unit increase in baseline score.
⩽8 years v. 13–15 years (post-treatment): B = −0.66, 95% CI −1.05 to −0.27, p < 0.001; ⩽8 years v. 13–15 years (follow-up): B = −0.54, 95% CI −0.91 to −0.17, p = 0.005; 13–15 years v. >15 years (follow-up): B = −0.53, 95% CI −1.02 to −0.04, p = 0.03.
<1 year v. >2 years: B = −0.68, 95% CI −1.31 to −0.05, p = 0.03; 1–2 years v. >2 years: B = −0.86, 95% CI −1.66 to −0.06, p = 0.04.
B = −0.48, 95% CI −0.87 to −0.09, p = 0.01.