Table 2.
Percentage of participants in each group meeting the criteria for each level of cognitive impairment or strengths per cognitive test
| Cognitive test (N) | HC | ROD | CHR | ROP | χ2 (df) | p value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI for Odds Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMT A | (433) | (248) | (256) | (281) | χ2 = 49.943 | <0.001* | ROD- 1.50 | ROD-1.01–2.23 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | (12) | CHR-1.91 | CHR-1.31–2.79 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 14.1 | 10.9 | 9 | 6.4 | ROP- 2.78 | ROP-1.95–3.97 | ||
| No impairment | 70 | 66.5 | 64.5 | 59.1 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 11.1 | 12.1 | 12.9 | 17.4 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 4.8 | 10.1 | 13.7 | 17.1 | ||||
| TMT B | (435) | (247) | (255) | (280) | χ2 = 101.057 | <0.001* | ROD- 1.67 | ROD-1.09–2.55 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0 | (12) | CHR- 2.22 | CHR-1.48–3.32 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 10.6 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 1.8 | ROP- 4.68 | ROP-3.23–6.77 | ||
| No impairment | 76.8 | 74.5 | 71.4 | 57.9 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 8.5 | 8.5 | 11.8 | 19.6 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 4.1 | 10.9 | 12.5 | 20.7 | ||||
| Phonetic verbal fluency | (450) | (264) | (266) | (288) | χ2 = 70.502 | <0.001* | ROD- 2 | ROD-1.35–2.96 |
| >2 SDs Above | 4.2 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1 | (12) | CHR- 1.81 | CHR-1.22–2.70 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 12.9 | 8.3 | 10.5 | 4.9 | ROP- 3.35 | ROP-2.33–4.83 | ||
| No impairment | 69.6 | 66.7 | 65.4 | 60.1 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 12 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 27.8 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 1.3 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 6.3 | ||||
| Semantic verbal fluency | (451) | (264) | (266) | (287) | χ2 = 127.906 | <0.001* | ROD- 2.14 | ROD-1.47–3.13 |
| >2 SDs Above | 2.7 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | (12) | CHR- 2.51 | CHR-1.73–3.64 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 12.2 | 9.8 | 5.6 | 3.1 | ROP- 5.66 | ROP-3.98–8.03 | ||
| No impairment | 70.7 | 61.4 | 63.2 | 47.7 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 12 | 20.1 | 24.8 | 33.1 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 2.4 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 15.7 | ||||
| CPT d’ | (451) | (263) | (266) | (288) | χ2 = 96.778 | <0.001* | ROD- 1.74 | ROD-1.17–2.59 |
| >2 SDs Above | 2.2 | 4.6 | 3.4 | 0 | CHR- 2.12 | CHR-1.44–3.10 | ||
| 1–2 SDs Above | 13.7 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 5.2 | (12) | ROP- 4.04 | ROP-2.83–5.76 | |
| No impairment | 70.1 | 63.9 | 63.2 | 55.2 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 12.4 | 17.9 | 24.4 | 30.9 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 1.6 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 8.7 | ||||
| RAVLT Trials 1–5 | (389) | (245) | (238) | (249) | χ2 = 123.299 | <0.001* | ROD- 1.69 | ROD-1.14–2.50 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (9) | CHR- 2.21 | CHR-1.50–3.24 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 14.4 | 10.6 | 8 | 6 | ROP- 5.72 | ROP-3.97–8.23 | ||
| No impairment | 68.9 | 64.1 | 61.3 | 40.6 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 12.3 | 15.9 | 20.6 | 25.7 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 4.4 | 9.4 | 10.1 | 27.7 | ||||
| ROCF Immediate memory | (452) | (266) | (265) | (288) | χ2 = 88.896 | <0.001* | ROD- 1.55 | ROD-1.05–2.28 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (9) | CHR- 1.80 | CHR-1.23–2.64 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 17 | 15.4 | 12.1 | 7.3 | ROP- 3.91 | ROP-2.76–5.53 | ||
| No impairment | 67.7 | 62.8 | 63.4 | 51.4 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 11.7 | 14.7 | 12.1 | 20.1 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 3.5 | 7.1 | 12.5 | 21.2 | ||||
| SOPT total errors | (449) | (263) | (267) | (286) | χ2 = 100.049 | <0.001* | ROD-1.75 | ROD-1.21–2.53 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (9) | CHR- 1.58 | CHR-1.09–2.29 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 17.8 | 13.3 | 12 | 6.6 | ROP- 3.98 | ROP-2.83–5.58 | ||
| No impairment | 65.5 | 6.5 | 63.7 | 48.6 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 12.5 | 19.4 | 14.2 | 21.7 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 4.5 | 6.8 | 10.1 | 23.1 | ||||
| Forward digit span | (452) | (263) | (268) | (292) | χ2 = 62.584 | <0.001* | ROD- 2.02 | ROD-1.43–2.85 |
| >2 SDs Above | 3.3 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 1.4 | (12) | CHR- 1.41 | CHR-0.99–2.02 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 17.7 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 4.8 | ROP- 2.43 | ROP-1.74–3.38 | ||
| No impairment | 59.3 | 53.2 | 57.8 | 56.5 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 17.5 | 25.9 | 19 | 26 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 2.2 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 11.3 | ||||
| Backward digit span | (451) | (263) | (269) | (292) | χ2 = 126.958 | <0.001* | ROD- 1.85 | ROD-1.32–2.58 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (9) | CHR- 2.03 | CHR-1.46–2.83 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 25.9 | 18.6 | 14.9 | 5.8 | ROP- 4.71 | ROP-3.42–6.48 | ||
| No impairment | 51.2 | 46 | 47.6 | 36 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 22.4 | 35 | 37.2 | 54.1 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 4.1 | ||||
| DSST Total score | (453) | (264) | (265) | (291) | χ2 = 271.929 | <0.001* | ROD- 2.32 | ROD-1.59–3.39 |
| >2 SDs Above | 2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0 | (12) | CHR- 3.29 | CHR-2.28–4.75 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 12.1 | 9.5 | 4.9 | 1 | ROP- 10.34 | ROP-7.24–14.77 | ||
| No impairment | 72 | 61.4 | 58.9 | 36.4 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 13 | 23.5 | 28.7 | 36.1 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 0.9 | 3.8 | 6 | 26.5 | ||||
| DANVA Total correct | (453) | (264) | (269) | (291) | χ2 = 64.349 | <0.001* | ROD- 0.94 | ROD-0.63–1.40 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0 | (12) | CHR- 1.36 | CHR-0.94–1.97 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 17 | 9.8 | 11.9 | 9.6 | ROP- 2.19 | ROP-1.56–3.09 | ||
| No impairment | 63.8 | 70.8 | 64.3 | 57.4 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 13.5 | 12.9 | 16 | 15.5 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 4.9 | 4.5 | 7.4 | 17.5 | ||||
| Composite scorea | (363) | (227) | (219) | (230) | χ2 = 138.974 | <0.001* | ROD- 2.98 | ROD-1.6–5.56 |
| >2 SDs Above | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (9) | CHR- 3.74 | CHR-2.03–6.88 | |
| 1–2 SDs Above | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0 | ROP- 12.61 | ROP-7.24–21.97 | ||
| No impairment | 94.2 | 86.3 | 84 | 61.7 | ||||
| 1–2 SDs Below | 4.7 | 11 | 14.6 | 27.8 | ||||
| >2 SDs Below | 0 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 10.4 |
χ2, Chi-squared examining differences in the proportion of each study group at each level of performance; *, Statistically significant at a level of p ⩽ 0.05; Odds Ratio, The odds of the clinical group having any impairment >1 s.d., relative to HC; CI, Confidence Interval.
a
Calculated only for participants who completed all tests.