EXHIBIT 1:
Characteristics of U.S. states by exposure to initial OxyContin marketing before the 2010 reformulation
| Exposure group | 1 (Low)a |
2 (Middle)b |
3 (High)c |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Number of states | 19 | 15 | 17 |
| Cancer-related mortality in 1993–95 (rate per 100,000) | 178.6 | 206.0 | 236.2 |
| Demographic characteristics in 2005–2009 (%) | |||
| Female | 50.4 | 50.9 | 51.2 |
| Aged 0 to 17 | 25.6 | 24.4 | 23.3 |
| Aged 18 to 44 | 38.5 | 36.8 | 36.1 |
| Aged 45 plus | 35.9 | 38.8 | 40.6 |
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 10.9 | 14.9 | 12.2 |
| Hispanic (any race) | 22.9 | 5.9 | 8.6 |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 56.8 | 74.4 | 74.6 |
| Foreign born | 17.7 | 7.0 | 9.8 |
| High school or less educational attainment | 63.0 | 64.0 | 65.2 |
| Some college or more educational attainment | 37.0 | 36.0 | 34.8 |
| Income at or below the poverty line | 15.8 | 15.9 | 15.9 |
| State population, averaged 2005–2009 (unweighted) | 7,786,712 | 3,975,627 | 5,506,866 |
| Outcomes, averaged 2005–2009 (rate per 100,000) | |||
| Fatal heroin-related overdoses | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.8 |
| Fatal synthetic opioid-related overdoses | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
| Acute HAVd | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
| Acute HBVd | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.7 |
| Acute HCVd | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
| New diagnoses of HIV attributed to IDU per 100,000e | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.7 |
| Infective endocarditis-related deathsf | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
SOURCE Authors’ analysis of data on mortality and population counts from CDC WONDER; demographic characteristics from IPUMS USA American Community Survey 2005–2009 5-Year Sample; acute hepatitides, including hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV), from CDC Viral Hepatitis Surveillance reports; and new diagnoses of HIV attributed to IDU from AIDSVu. NOTES Cancer-related mortality and demographic characteristic means were weighted using the average of the 2005–2009 state populations. Outcome means were weighted using state populations.
Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming.
Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and West Virginia.
Outcome is missing data for some state-years.
Only 2008–2009 available.
For people aged 15 to 54.