Nanoflowers are synthesized by a solvothermal process under diverse reaction conditions.

Nanostructure/morphology	Size	Reaction conditions	Time and temperature in the autoclave	Surfactant or template	Ref.
TiO2 nanoflowers	47.56–274.36 nm	NaOH (0.024 M) + 8 mL TiCl3 + 60 mL ethanol	18 h, 130 °C	—	34
Porous NiO nanoflowers	—	0.5 g Ni(ac)2·4H2O + 0.25 g urea + 30 mL ethanol	3–24 h, 190 °C	—	100
Zn-doped CuS nanoflowers	1 μm	0.25 mmol CuCl + 0.25 mmol Zn(Ac)2·2H2O + 0.75 mmol S powder + 15 mL ethanol	24 h, 180 °C	—	101
Mo-doped Bi2Se3 nanoflowers	100–200 nm	0.85 mmol Bi(NO3)3·5H2O + 0.15 mmol (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O+ 18 mL N,N-dimethylformamide + ammonia + Se powder + Na2SO3	20 h, 160 °C	—	102
Bi2O2.33 nanoflowers	—	0.11 g NaBiO3 + 20 mL ethanol, + 5.0 mL distilled water + 2.0 mL 1 M HNO3 solution	3–5 h, 100 °C	PVP	103