Figure 1.

Representation of the AI, ML, and DL frameworks for application in data-driven studies. AI (a) is the broad science of mimicking human abilities, and ML (b) is a specific subset of AI. ML can generally be grouped into supervised (c), unsupervised (d), and reinforcement learning (e) according to learning tasks. Based on learning techniques, ML can be categorized into traditional ML (representative methods as shown in (f)), deep learning (representative methods as shown in (g)), and transfer learning (h).