Figure 12.

Diagram showing concepts and examples of bio-based materials from plants. Interdisciplinary gradient connects biological, engineering, medical, physical, and material sciences. Bioproducts are the building blocks of bio-derived materials, which can be manufactured outside (chemically) or inside (biologically) an organism through biomanufacturing. Each class is color coded to its major constituents (organic, inorganic, and/or living cells) with examples in plants (dark green) and elsewhere (light gray). CNC: cellulose nanocrystals; 3HP: 3 hydroxy-propionic acid; PAA: polyacrylic acid; PHA: polyhydroxyalkanoate.