Table 4.

Effect estimates from regression analyses to determine the association of PFAS serum concentrations with serum reproductive hormone concentrations measured at different time points around thelarche in the girls from Greater Cincinnati, 2004–2014.

	Six months before thelarche				Thelarche				Six months after thelarche				Twelve months after thelarche
	$N$	$\mathrm{\beta }$	SE	$p$-Value	$N$	$\mathrm{\beta }$	SE	$p$-Value	$N$	$\mathrm{\beta }$	SE	$p$-Value	$N$	$\mathrm{\beta }$	SE	$p$-Value
PFOA
Estradiol	207	$-0.03$	0.09	0.76	185	0.08	0.10	0.44	223	$-0.10$	0.12	0.39	125	0.06	0.20	0.76
Estrone	208	$-0.12$	0.06	0.04	186	$-0.10$	0.07	0.12	222	$-0.14$	0.08	0.07	125	$-0.03$	0.12	0.77
Testosterone	206	$-0.15$	0.07	0.03	190	$-0.08$	0.06	0.21	241	$-0.09$	0.06	0.12	142	$-0.04$	0.10	0.68
DHEAS	221	$-0.24$	0.08	$<0.01$	197	$-0.10$	0.09	0.26	250	$-0.07$	0.08	0.37	141	$-0.01$	0.11	0.91
PFOS
Estradiol	207	$-0.08$	0.09	0.38	185	$-0.06$	0.09	0.55	223	0.11	0.11	0.33	125	0.11	0.18	0.56
Estrone	208	$-0.10$	0.06	0.07	186	$-0.11$	0.06	0.06	222	$-0.02$	0.08	0.77	125	0.00	0.11	0.99
Testosterone	206	$-0.09$	0.07	0.18	190	$-0.09$	0.06	0.11	241	$-0.09$	0.06	0.14	142	$-0.04$	0.05	0.66
DHEAS	221	$-0.14$	0.08	0.09	197	$-0.08$	0.08	0.34	250	$-0.04$	0.07	0.59	141	0.02	0.09	0.86
PFNA
Estradiol	207	0.15	0.13	0.24	185	$-0.08$	0.15	0.57	223	0.26	0.17	0.12	125	0.33	0.29	0.27
Estrone	208	$-0.02$	0.08	0.85	186	$-0.18$	0.10	0.06	222	0.07	0.11	0.55	125	0.22	0.17	0.20
Testosterone	206	0.05	0.10	0.62	190	$-0.04$	0.09	0.67	241	$-0.01$	0.08	0.92	142	0.01	0.13	0.93
DHEAS	221	$-0.08$	0.12	0.51	197	$-0.05$	0.12	0.66	250	$-0.06$	0.11	0.55	141	$-0.04$	0.15	0.77
PFHxS
Estradiol	228	0.02	0.05	0.67	185	$-0.02$	0.06	0.78	223	0.10	0.06	0.10	125	0.02	0.11	0.83
Estrone	208	$-0.00$	0.04	0.96	186	$-0.05$	0.01	0.16	222	0.01	0.01	0.83	125	$-0.04$	0.06	0.49
Testosterone	206	0.00	0.04	0.97	190	$-0.04$	0.04	0.29	241	$<0.01$	0.04	0.99	142	$-0.03$	0.05	0.58
DHEAS	221	0.00	0.05	0.88	197	$-0.01$	0.02	0.87	250	0.06	0.01	0.17	141	0.04	0.06	0.50
PFDeA
Estradiol	169	0.12	0.12	0.34	148	$-0.13$	0.13	0.29	178	0.01	0.16	0.95	96	$-0.33$	0.21	0.12
Estrone	170	0.00	0.09	0.97	148	$-0.19$	0.09	0.03	177	$-0.07$	0.11	0.49	96	$-0.05$	0.13	0.67
Testosterone	170	0.10	0.08	0.25	149	$-0.07$	0.08	0.42	192	$-0.07$	0.09	0.40	111	0.03	0.12	0.78
DHEAS	179	$-0.06$	0.12	0.60	156	$-0.06$	0.11	0.58	199	$-0.13$	0.11	0.24	109	$-0.06$	0.13	0.62
Me-PFOSA-AcOH
Estradiol	207	$-0.10$	0.07	0.14	185	$-0.06$	0.07	0.43	223	0.15	0.08	0.05	125	$-0.01$	0.11	0.95
Estrone	208	$-0.05$	0.04	0.25	186	$-0.03$	0.05	0.48	222	0.08	0.05	0.12	125	$-0.00$	0.07	0.98
Testosterone	206	$-0.03$	0.02	0.46	190	$-0.04$	0.04	0.37	241	0.00	0.04	0.96	142	$-0.07$	0.06	0.24
DHEAS	221	$-0.00$	0.06	0.94	197	0.02	0.06	0.68	250	0.02	0.05	0.66	141	$-0.05$	0.07	0.50
Sum of PFAS
Estradiol	169	$-0.04$	0.12	0.76	148	$-0.11$	0.13	0.37	178	0.13	0.16	0.39	96	$-0.06$	0.24	0.79
Estrone	170	$-0.12$	0.08	0.13	148	$-0.15$	0.08	0.08	177	$-0.05$	0.11	0.67	96	$-0.08$	0.14	0.59
Testosterone	170	$-0.09$	0.09	0.31	149	$-0.16$	0.08	0.04	192	$-0.13$	0.08	0.11	111	$-0.05$	0.11	0.65
DHEAS	179	$-0.18$	0.11	0.10	156	$-0.09$	0.11	0.42	199	$-0.04$	0.10	0.67	109	0.04	0.14	0.79

Note: Models were controlled for race and BMIz. Six months prior to thelarche was defined as 9 months prior to $<3$ months prior to thelarche. Thelarche was defined as 3 months prior to $<3$ months after thelarche. Six months after thelarche was defined as 3 months after thelarche to $<9$ months after thelarche. Twelve months after thelarche was defined as 9 months after thelarche to $<15$ months after thelarche. Significant at $p$-value $\le 0.05$. BMIz, body mass index $z$-score based on 2000 CDC tables; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; DHEAS, dihydroandrostendione sulfate; Me-PFOSA-AcOH, $2\text{-}\left(N\text{-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido}\right)$ acetic acid; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFDeA, perfluorodecanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perflurooctanesulfonic acid; SE, standard error.