Table 4. Case-control analysis of the association between ABO genotype and severe malaria syndromes.
| Crude | Adjusted† | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Phenotype | No. Cases/controls |
ABO genotype | OR | LCI | UCI | p value | OR | LCI | UCI | p value |
| All SM | 623/2126 | OO | 1 | 1 | Reference | |||||
| 306/810 | AO | 1.29 | 1.10 | 1.51 | 0.002 | 1.27 | 1.07 | 1.50 | 0.006 | |
| 37/83 | AA | 1.52 | 1.02 | 2.26 | 0.039 | 1.46 | 0.95 | 2.22 | 0.082 | |
| 61/115 | AB | 1.81 | 1.31 | 2.50 | < 0.001 | 1.93 | 1.37 | 2.72 | <0.001 | |
| 337/683 | BO | 1.68 | 1.44 | 1.97 | < 0.001 | 1.65 | 1.40 | 1.95 | <0.001 | |
| 34/55 | BB | 2.11 | 1.36 | 3.27 | 0.001 | 2.08 | 1.29 | 3.37 | 0.003 | |
| 775/1746 | Non-O | 1.52 | 1.34 | 1.71 | < 0.001 | 1.49 | 1.31 | 1.70 | <0.001 | |
| All CM | 326/2126 | OO | 1 | 1 | Reference | |||||
| 166/810 | AO | 1.34 | 1.09 | 1.64 | 0.005 | 1.29 | 1.05 | 1.60 | 0.018 | |
| 22/83 | AA | 1.73 | 1.07 | 2.81 | 0.027 | 1.60 | 0.96 | 2.67 | 0.070 | |
| 26/115 | AB | 1.47 | 0.95 | 2.29 | 0.085 | 1.47 | 0.93 | 2.34 | 0.101 | |
| 160/683 | BO | 1.53 | 1.24 | 1.88 | < 0.001 | 1.45 | 1.17 | 1.80 | 0.001 | |
| 16/55 | BB | 1.90 | 1.07 | 3.35 | 0.027 | 1.90 | 1.03 | 3.49 | 0.039 | |
| 390/1746 | Non-O | 1.46 | 1.24 | 1.71 | < 0.001 | 1.40 | 1.18 | 1.65 | <0.001 | |
| All SMA | 181/2126 | OO | 1 | 1 | Reference | |||||
| 97/810 | AO | 1.41 | 1.09 | 1.82 | 0.010 | 1.35 | 1.03 | 1.78 | 0.031 | |
| 9/83 | AA | 1.27 | 0.63 | 2.58 | 0.773 | 1.18 | 0.56 | 2.52 | 0.662 | |
| 19/115 | AB | 1.94 | 1.17 | 3.32 | 0.011 | 2.05 | 1.21 | 3.45 | 0.007 | |
| 99/683 | BO | 1.70 | 1.31 | 2.21 | < 0.001 | 1.62 | 1.23 | 2.12 | 0.001 | |
| 10/55 | BB | 2.14 | 1.07 | 4.26 | 0.031 | 1.71 | 0.75 | 3.89 | 0.204 | |
| 234/1746 | Non-O | 1.57 | 1.28 | 1.93 | < 0.001 | 1.50 | 1.21 | 1.86 | <0.001 | |
| All RD* | 181/2126 | OO | 1 | 1 | Reference | |||||
| 101/810 | AO | 1.47 | 1.13 | 1.89 | 0.004 | 1.41 | 1.08 | 1.83 | 0.012 | |
| 13/83 | AA | 1.84 | 1.01 | 3.37 | 0.048 | 1.68 | 0.89 | 3.17 | 0.113 | |
| 12/115 | AB | 1.23 | 0.66 | 2.26 | 0.516 | 1.25 | 0.67 | 2.33 | 0.489 | |
| 99/683 | BO | 1.70 | 1.31 | 2.21 | < 0.001 | 1.63 | 1.25 | 2.13 | <0.001 | |
| 11/55 | BB | 2.35 | 1.21 | 4.57 | 0.012 | 2.01 | 0.96 | 4.21 | 0.064 | |
| 236/1746 | Non-O | 1.59 | 1.30 | 1.95 | < 0.001 | 1.51 | 1.23 | 1.87 | <0.001 | |
| Mortality* | 52/2126 | OO | 1 | 1 | Reference | |||||
| 33/810 | AO | 1.67 | 1.07 | 2.60 | 0.024 | 1.74 | 1.11 | 2.73 | 0.017 | |
| 2/83 | AA | 0.99 | 0.24 | 4.11 | 0.984 | 1.00 | 0.24 | 4.21 | 0.999 | |
| 4/115 | AB | 1.42 | 0.51 | 4.00 | 0.505 | 1.50 | 0.53 | 4.26 | 0.450 | |
| 23/683 | BO | 1.38 | 0.84 | 2.27 | 0.209 | 1.35 | 0.81 | 2.25 | 0.258 | |
| 2/55 | BB | 1.49 | 0.35 | 6.26 | 0.589 | 1.66 | 0.39 | 7.08 | 0.497 | |
| 64/1746 | Non-O | 1.50 | 1.03 | 2.17 | 0.033 | 1.53 | 1.04 | 2.24 | 0.029 | |
SM: Severe malaria; CM: cerebral malaria; SMA: severe malaria anaemia; RD: respiratory distress; OR: Odds Ratio; LCI: Lower Confidence Interval (95%); UCI: Upper Confidence Interval; P: P-value using a logistic regression model.
†adjusted for HbS, α+thalassaemia, gender, ethnicity and interaction (HbS and α+thalassaemia).
* no interaction term included between HbS and α+thalassaemia genotype.