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. 2023 Sep 26;13:16122. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43171-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model characterization. (A) Representative photomicrographs of hematoxylin and eosin (magnification 200 ×, scale bar: 40 µm) and picrosirius red staining (magnification 50 ×, scale bar: 200 µm), parasternal short axis echocardiographic recordings at the midpapillary muscle level and cross-sectional whole heart images are shown demonstrating myocardial hypertrophy and intensified fibrosis in the aortic-banded (AB) groups. (B) Heart weight-to-tibial length (HW/TL), (C) cardiomyocyte diameter (CD), (D) interstitial fibrosis, (F) atrial (Nppa) and (G) B-type natriuretic peptide (Nppb) mRNA expression were increased, while (H) myosin heavy chain alpha (Myh6) mRNA expression was decreased in the aortic-banded (AB) groups with systolic heart failure (AB_HF) and also without systolic heart failure (AB_LVH) compared to the sham group. The decrease in Myh6 and the increase in Nppa was more severe in the AB_HF compared to the AB_LVH group. In contrast, (I) Myh7 showed elevated levels only in the AB_LVH group when compared to its control group. Lung weight-to-tibial length (LW/TL) (E) increased only in the AB_HF group, indicating severe pulmonary congestion. Sample numbers were the following: Sham: n = 8, AB_LVH: n = 8, AB_HF: n = 5. Depending on the distribution of the datasets, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test or Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test was carried out. *P < 0.05 vs. Sham. ^#P < 0.05 vs. AB_LVH.