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. 2023 Sep 26;13:16082. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43299-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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USWF-patterning of microparticles in vitro. (A–C) An USWF is generated at the intersection of two ultrasound fields. The angle of intersection of the fields influences the spacing and orientation of nodal planes (Eq. 3). Illustrated are beams intersecting at 180° (A), 120° (B), and 60° (C). ‘T’ denotes placement of transducers. (D–F) A membrane hydrophone was used to measure axial distributions of pressure in an USWF for angles of 180° (D), 120° (E), and 60° (F). Pressure measurements were normalized to the average of the free-field pressure measured from each active transducer. (G–I) Sephadex particles (10–40 µm diameter) were suspended in 1% (w/v) agarose solutions and exposed to an USWF generated by two transducers. Shown are images of microparticle patterning using 1-MHz ultrasound beams intersecting at 180° (G), 120° (H) and 60° (I). Images are representative of n = 3–4 gels fabricated over 4 independent experiments. Scale bar = 5 mm.