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. 2023 Sep 26;13:16082. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43299-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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USWF formation and acoustic patterning through intervening tissue. (A) Hydrophone measurements were used to determine axial spatial distributions of pressure in the free field in the presence of no tissue (black squares), or 2 cm (green circles), 4 cm (blue triangles), or 8 cm (red diamonds) of total intervening porcine muscle tissue. USWF pressure measurements were normalized to the average free field pressure measured from each active transducer. (B–D) Sephadex particles (10–40 µm diameter) suspended in collagen solutions (2 mg/mL) were exposed to 1-MHz USWFs at 0.1 (B,C) or 0.2 (D) MPa for 15 min. Collagen solutions polymerized during USWF exposure, thereby maintaining particle patterning after sound deactivation. Shown are representative microscopy images of Sephadex particles (phase dense) patterned using 1-MHz ultrasound beams intersecting at 180° in the presence of 2 (B), 4 (C), or 8 (D) cm of total intervening tissue. Images are representative of 3 gels per exposure condition, fabricated over 3 independent experiments. Scale bar = 500 µm.