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. 2023 Sep 26;13:16144. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-43498-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Representative microscopy images of the pancreas stained with antibodies against YAP (left column) or TAZ (right column) of male KC mice fed the control diet (CD, top row), high fat, high calorie diet (HFCD, middle row), or HFCD + metformin (Met) + simvastatin (Sim) (bottom row). Brown staining indicates positivity for YAP or TAZ. Black arrowheads point to epithelial (PanIN, ADM) cells, and red arrowheads to stromal cells positive for YAP or TAZ (scale bar: 50 µm for top row and 20 µm for middle and bottom row). Upper inset shows a PanIN cell with nuclear and cytoplasmic YAP staining; lower inset depicts a PanIN cell with strong exclusive nuclear YAP staining. (B) Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of Ctgf (left column), Cyr61 (middle column), and Amotl2 (right column) mRNA expression in the pancreas of male (upper row) and female (lower row) KC mice fed the CD, HFCD, HFCD + Met, HFCD + Sim, or HFCD + Met + Sim. *p ≤ 0.05, ns = not significant.