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. 2023 Sep 26;14:6001. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41217-6

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© The Author(s) 2023, corrected publication 2024

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Fig. 1 — a Complexity classes: NISQ contains problems that can be solved by classical computation (BPP), and some problems that can be solved by quantum computation (BQP). b NISQ algorithm: An algorithm in the complexity class NISQ is modeled by a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm, where a classical computer can specify the circuit to run on a noisy quantum device and the device would run a noisy version of the circuit and return a random classical bitstring obtained from noisy measurement.