Table 1.
Study characteristics and reported utility values by type of mental health conditions
| First author, year (Reference) | Country | Type of conditions | Type of study | N | Age range (mean age) | Instruments | Algorithm | Perspectives | Utility scores Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. ADHD | |||||||||
| Matza, 2005 [27] | US | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 43 | 5–17 (10.2) | SG | NA | Proxy-report (parents) |
Mild ADHD 0.71 (SD 0.25); Moderate ADHD 0.58 (SD 0.27); Severe ADHD 0.48 (SD 0.28) |
| Secnik, 2005 [30] | UK | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 83 | 7–18 (12.6) | SG, EQ-5D-3L | EQ-5D-3L: UK | Proxy-report (parent) |
Child’s own current health state: SG 0.72 (0.21) EQ-5D-3L: 0.74 (0.19) |
| Lloyd, 2011 [66] | UK | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 100 | 8–16 (11) | TTO | NA | Proxy-report (general public) |
Borderline to mildly ill: 0.787 (0.217) Moderately to markedly ill 0.578 (0.275) Severely ill 0.444 (0.230) |
| Matza, 2005 [61] | US and UK | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 43 (US) and 83 (UK) | 7–18 (11.8) | EQ-5D-3L | UK | Proxy-report (parent) |
Total sample: 0.75 (0.17) US sample: 0.78 (0.15) UK sample: 0.74 (0.19) |
| Peasgood, 2016 [29] | UK | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 476 | 6–18 (11.8) | EQ-5D-Y, CHU9D | CHU9D: UK (adults) | Self-report |
EQ-VAS 80.16 (SD 20.61); CHU9D 0.82 (SD 0.12) EQ-5D-Y: not reported |
| Bouwmans, 2014 [40] | Netherlands | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 739 | 6–18 (11.9) | EQ-5D-3L | Dutch (adults) | Proxy-report (parent) | 0.81 (0.17) |
| Maia, 2016 [58] | Brazil | ADHD | A naturalistic study | 62 children and 28 adolescents |
6–17 Children mean age = 8.62, Adolescent mean age = 13.67) |
HUI2 and HUI3 | Canada tariff | Proxy-report (parent) |
Children: 0.69; Adolescents: 0.66 |
| Sayal, 2016 [31] | UK | At risk of ADHD | RCT | 55 teachers and 40 parents | 4–8(6.16) | EQ-5D-Y and CHU9D |
EQ-5D-Y: UK (adults) CHU9D: UK (adults) |
Proxy-report (parent and teacher) |
Control arm: EQ-5D-Y 0.815 (0.257), CHU9D 0.847 (0.099); Parent only arm: ED-5D-Y 0.734 (0.370) CHU9D (0.818 (0.128); Parent + Teacher arm: EQ-5D-Y 0.771 (0.294); CHU9D 0.897 (0.102) |
| Le 2021 [24] | Australia | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 160 | 11–17 | CHU-9D | Australia (adolescents) | Self-report | 0.74 (0.19) |
| Petrou, 2010 [25] | UK and Republic of Ireland | ADHD | Cross-sectional | 331 term-born classmates | 5–11 | HUI2&HUI3 |
HUI3: Canada (adults) HUI2: UK (adults) |
Proxy report (parents) |
HUI3: 0.629 (0.271); HUI2: 0.792 0.120 |
| 2. Anxiety disorder | |||||||||
| Bodden, 2008 [41] | Netherlands | Anxiety disorder (except for obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder | RCT | 116 | 8–17 years (12.3) | EQ-5D-3L | UK (adults) | Self-report |
Control: 0.87 (0.13), Intervention: 0.83 (0.20) |
| Creswell, 2017 [32] | UK | Anxiety disorders | RCT | 136 | 5–12 years | CHU9D | UK tariff | Self- and proxy-report (parent) |
Self-reported: CHU9D: Control 0·87 (0·09); Intervention 0·88 (0·09) EQ-5D-Y: Control 0·82 (0·15); Intervention 0·80 (0·20) Proxy-reported: CHU9D: Control 0·85 (0·10); Intervention 0·89 (0·07) |
| Chatterton, 2019 [53] | Australia | Anxiety disorder | RCT | 281 | 7–17 | CHU9D | Australia (adolescents) | Self-report | Control: 0.62 (0.24), Intervention 0.64 (0.21) |
| Le 2021 [24] | Australia | Anxiety disorder | Cross-sectional | 97 | 11–17 | CHU-9D | Australia (adolescents) | Self-report | 0.70 (0.24) |
| Astrom, 2020 [26] | Sweden | Anxiety disorder | Cross-sectional | 13 | 13–17 (15.4) | EQ-5D-Y-5L and EQ-VAS | NA | Self-report |
EQ-VAS: 23.5 (15.8) EQ-5D-Y-5L: not reported |
| 3. Depression | |||||||||
| Lynch, 2016 [56] | US | Depression | Cross-sectional | 169 | 13–17 (15.4) | HUI2 and HUI3, EQ-5D-3L, QWB, SF6D |
HUI2&3: Canada EQ-5D-3L QWB SF-6D: UK general population |
Self-report |
HUI-2: 0.695 (SD 0.183); HUI3 0.545 (SD 0.266); EQ-5D 0.759 (SD 0.154); QWB 0.574 (SD 0.090); SF-6D 0.645 (SD 0.087) |
| Turner, 2017 [33] | UK | Depression | RCT | 86 | 14–17 | EQ-5D-5L | UK | Self-report |
Control 0.82 Intervention 0.74 |
| Dickerson, 2018 [57] | US | Depression | Cross-sectional | 376 | 13–17 | (EQ-5D-3L), (HUI2) and (HUI3), (QWB), (SF-6D) |
HUI2&3: Canada EQ-5D-3L QWB SF-6D: UK general population |
Self-report |
HUI2 0.73 (0.18); HUI3 0.56 (0.27); EQ-5D-3L 0.81 (0.15); QWB 0.60 (0.09); SF-6D 0.67 (0.09) |
| Byford, 2013[35] | UK | Depression | RCT | 199 | 11–17 | EQ-5D-3L | UK adult tariff | Self-report | 0.495 (SD 0.296) |
| Byford, 2007 [34] | UK | Depression | RCT | 208 | 11–17 | EQ-5D-3L | UK adult tariff | Self-report | Intervention: 0.49 (0.30); Control: 0.50 (0.29) |
| Wright, 2017 [36] | UK | Depression | RCT | 91 | 12–18 | EQ-5D-Y, HUI-2 | Self-report |
EQ-5D-Y: Intervention: 0.53 (0.26); Control 0.60 (0.33); HUI-2: not reported |
|
| Goodyer, 2017 [37] | UK | Depression | RCT | 447 | 11–17 | EQ-5D-3L | UK adult tariff | Self-report |
Intervention 1: 0.596 (0.275); Intervention 2: 0.578 (0.281); Intervention 3: 0.569 (0.258) |
| Le 2021 [24] | Australia | Major depressive disorder | Cross-sectional | 159 | 11–17 | CHU9D | Australia (adolescents) | Self-report | 0.64 (0.26) |
| Astrom, 2020 [26] | Sweden | Depressive episode/recurrent depressive disorder | Cross-sectional | 15 | 13–17 (15.4) | EQ-5D-Y-5L and EQ-VAS | NA | Self-report |
EQ-VAS: 28.2 (14.4) EQ-5D-Y-5L: not reported |
| 4. Undefined psychiatric disorders | |||||||||
| Petrou, 2010 [25] | UK and Republic of Ireland | Psychiatric disorders | Cross-sectional | 50 | 5–12 | HUI2&HUI3 |
HUI3: Canada (adults) HUI2: UK (adults) |
Proxy report (parents) |
HUI3: Any DSM–IV clinical diagnosis 0.698 (0.273); HUI2: Any DSM–IV clinical diagnosis 0.782 (0.149) |
| Ougrin, 2018 [39] | UK | Psychiatric inpatients | RCT | 106 | 12–17 | EQ-5D-3L | UK (adults) | Self-report |
Intervention: 0.5 (0.3) Control: 0.6 (0.4) |
| Astrom, 2020 [26] | Sweden | Psychiatric inpatients | Cross-sectional | 52 | 13–17 (15.4) | EQ-5D-Y-5L and EQ-VAS | NA | Self-report |
All disorders by age group 13–17 years: 29.2 (19.5) 13–15 years: 25.3 (19.4) 16–17 years: 32.6 (19.3) Bipolar affective disorder: 28.3 (27.7) Reaction to severe stress/ adjustment disorders: 42.5 (23.2) Other: 23.1 (15.1) Observation for suspected mental and behavioural disorders: 39.0 (28.6) |
| 5. Internalizing problems | |||||||||
| Philipsson, 2013 [50] | Sweden | Internalizing problems with recurrent visits to the school nurse for psychosomatic symptoms | RCT | 112 girls | 13–18 | HUI 3 | Self-report |
Intervention: 0.71 (0.66– 0.77) Control: 0.77 (0.73–0.82) |
|
| 6. Personality disorders | |||||||||
| Swales 2016 [38] | UK | Borderline personality disorder | Cross-sectional | 76 | 14–18 | EQ-5D-3L | UK tariff | Self-report (some used clinicians as proxy) | 0.236 (SD 0.32) |
| Feenstra, 2012 [63] | Netherlands | Personality disorders | Cross-sectional | 131 | 14–19 (16.6) | EQ-5D-3L | Dutch tariff | Self-report |
Total: 0.55 (SD 0.27); Borderline personality disorder 0.49 (0.28), Avoidant personality disorder 0.49 (0.27), Personality disorder not otherwise specified 0.70(0.23), Depressive personality disorder 0.34(0.20), Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder 0.50 (0.33) |
| 7. Behaviour disorders | |||||||||
| Vermeulen, 2017 [43] | Netherlands |
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), Disruptive Behaviour Disorder (DBD) |
Cross-sectional | Professionals, children, adolescents and parents | 4–18 | EQ-5D-3L | UK tariff | Proxy report (parents, professionals and children) |
Professionals: Children: ODD 0.58 (0.08), CD 0.47 (0.14), DBD 0.58 (0.08), Adolescents: ODD 0.59 (0.12), CD 0.58 (0.15), DBD 0.59 (0.12); Parents: Regular primary education (children’s parents): ODD 0.52 (0.080), CD 0.36 (0.125), DBD 0.28 (0.122) Regular secondary education (adolescents’ parents): ODD 0.49 (0.12), CD 0.23 (0.12), DBD 0.12 (0.12), Vocational training (parents of adolescents with behaviour disorders) ODD 0.485 (0.14), CD 0.269 (0.13), DBD 0.190 (0.14); Children and adolescents: Regular primary education (children) ODD 0.31 (0.15), CD 0.11 (0.09), DBD 0.06 (0.07), Regular secondary education (adolescents) ODD 0.52 (0.12), CD 0.31 (0.13), DBD 0.20 (0.13), Vocational training (adolescents) ODD 0.37 (0.14), CD 0.19 (0.15), DBD 0.12 (0.15) Adolescents in vocational training (with behavioural disorders): own valuation 0.84 (0.008) |
| Le 2021 [24] | Australia | Conduct disorder | Cross-sectional | 48 | 11–17 | CHU-9D | Australia (adolescents) | Self-report | 0.71 (0.23) |
| Petrou, 2010 [25] | UK and Republic of Ireland | Emotional disorder; Conduct disorder | Cross-sectional |
Emotional disorder n = 16 Conduct disorder n = 17 |
5–12 | HUI2&HUI3 |
HUI3: Canada (adults) HUI2: UK (adults) |
Proxy report (parents) |
HUI3: Any emotional disorder 0.672 (0.296); Any conduct disorder 0.727 (0.260); HUI2: Any emotional disorder 0.760 0.161; Any conduct disorder 0.802 0.129; |
| 8. Post-traumatic stress disorder | |||||||||
| Dams, 2021 [64] | Germany | PTSD | RCT | 87 | 14–21 (18.1) | EQ-5D-5L | German (adults) | Self-report | 0.70 (0.25) |
| Dams, 2020 [52] | Germany | PTSD | RCT | 87 | 14–21 | EQ-5D-5L | German (adults) | Self-report | 0.70 (0.03) |
| Aas, 2019 [60] | Norway | PTSD | RCT | 156 | 10–18 | 16D | Finland | Self-report | Intervention: 0.755 (0.012); Control: 0.777 (0.104) |
| 9. Substance use disorders | |||||||||
| Goorden, 2015 [44] | Netherlands | Cannabis use disorder | RCT | 96 (Control 49; Intervention 47) | 13–18 | EQ-5D-3L | Dutch (adults) | Self-report |
Intervention: 0.88 (0.15) Control: 0.89 (0.13) |
| Reckers-Droog, 2020 [45] | Netherlands | Adolescents receiving in- or outpatient mental health care with substance use | Cross-sectional | 167 | 12–18 (15.2) | EQ-5D-3L | Dutch (adults) | Self-report |
Alcohol use 0.82 (0.23); Drugs use 0.83 (0.18); Medicine use 0.81 (0.18); Delinquency 0.82 (0.23) |
| 10. Psychosis | |||||||||
| Grano, 2014 [48] | Finland | At risk for psychosis | Cross-sectional | 202 | 11–22 (15.6) | 16D | Finland | Self-report |
Not at heightened risk of developing psychosis: 0.87 2(0.091) At heightened risk of developing psychosis: 0.795 (0.106) |
| Grano, 2013 [47] | Finland | At risk for psychosis | Cross-sectional |
Total: 90 (Not at heightened risk n = 55; At heightened risk n = 35) |
12–21 (15.1) | 16D | Finland | Self-report |
Not at heightened risk of developing psychosis: 0.8737 (0.0931) At heightened risk of developing psychosis: 0.7992 (0.1) |
| Grano, 2015 [46] | Finland | At risk for psychosis | Cross-sectional |
181 (At risk n = 57 Help-seekers n = 124) |
12–22 (15.3) | 16D | Finland | Self-report |
At risk: 0.80 (0.10) Help-seekers (not at risk): 0.87 (0.09) |
| 11. Self-harm | |||||||||
| Tubeuf, 2019 [28] | UK | Self-harm | RCT | 754 | 11–17 | EQ-5D-3L | UK | Self-report | 0.68 (0.27) |
| Le, 2021 [24] | Australia |
Self-harm Suicide ideation |
Cross-sectional |
Self-harm: n = 328 Suicide ideation n = 220 |
11–17 | CHU9D | Australian (adolescents) | Self-report |
Self-harm: 0.57 (0.26); Suicide ideation 0.54 (0.26) |
| 12. General mental health problems | |||||||||
| Le, 2019 [54] | Australia | Mental health problems screened by Kessler-10 | RCT | 413 | 18–25 | AQoL4D | Australian | Self-report | Both intervention and control groups: 0.56 (0.26) |
| Furber, 2015 [55] | Australia | Having an open episode of mental health care within the last 6 weeks Mental health problems | Cross-sectional | 200 | 5–17 (11.71) | CHU9D | UK (adults) and Australian (Adolescents) tariffs | Proxy report (caregivers) |
UK tariff: 0.803 (0.117); Australian tariff: 0.739 (0.145) |
| Le 2021 [24] | Australia | Mental health diagnosis by Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV) | Cross-sectional | 415 | 11–17 | CHU9D | Australia (adolescents) | Self-report | 0.70 (0.24) |
| Wolf, 2021 [59] | Denmark | Mental health problems screened by Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | RCT | 396 | 6–15 (10.7) | CHU9D | UK (adults) and Australian (Adolescents) tariffs | Proxy report (parents) |
UK tariff: 0.804 (0.121); Australian tariff: 0.629 (0.214) |