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. 2023 May 26;17(5):883–898. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.5.883

Table 2. Changes in peripheral lymphocyte population by sex over the course of intervention.

Cell type Men Women
Placebo (n = 9) Probiotics (n = 4) P for Δ (wk 4–wk 0) P for Δ (wk 8–wk 0) P for Δ (wk 12–wk 0) Placebo (n = 5) Probiotics (n = 7) P for Δ (wk 4–wk 0) P for Δ (wk 8–wk 0) P for Δ (wk 12–wk 0)
Δ (wk 4–wk 0) Δ (wk 8–wk 0) Δ (wk 12–wk 0) Δ (wk 4–wk 0) Δ (wk 8–wk 0) Δ (wk 12–wk 0) Δ (wk 4–wk 0) Δ (wk 8–wk 0) Δ (wk 12–wk 0) Δ (wk 4–wk 0) Δ (wk 8–wk 0) Δ (wk 12–wk 0)
NK cell
% CD56high NK cell/lymphocytes −0.20 ± 0.33 1.46 ± 0.41 −0.35 ± 0.26 −0.54 ± 0.24 1.40 ± 0.46 −0.60 ± 0.37 0.50 0.94 0.59 0.02 ± 0.35 1.47 ± 0.52 −0.34 ± 0.26 0.11 ± 0.12 2.01 ± 0.41 0.04 ± 0.17 0.77 0.44 0.23
% CD56low NK cell/lymphocytes −2.33 ± 5.77 −15.32 ± 4.10 −7.49 ± 4.17 −4.94 ± 4.48 −22.04 ± 3.89 −11.70 ± 3.37 0.77 0.30 0.51 1.80 ± 2.83 −11.23 ± 4.44 −5.43 ± 2.45 −2.77 ± 6.16 −11.10 ± 5.06 −5.43 ± 5.81 0.61 0.99 0.99
B cell
% CD19+/total live cells 0.05 ± 1.51 0.53 ± 0.97 0.15 ± 1.06 1.88 ± 1.15 1.90 ± 1.55 3.76 ± 1.55 0.42 0.44 0.07 2.86 ± 1.51 −0.81 ± 0.90 0.01 ± 1.22 2.08 ± 1.53 4.01 ± 1.97 3.13 ± 1.59 0.75 0.11 0.21
CD4 T cell
% CD4+/lymphocytes −4.25 ± 1.92 6.41 ± 1.70 1.68 ± 1.07 −6.87 ± 5.26 0.94 ± 5.96 −1.66 ± 5.01 0.58 0.28 0.41 −4.05 ± 2.58 8.78 ± 1.50 4.10 ± 2.30 −7.09 ± 4.35 −0.73 ± 2.15 −2.43 ± 2.19 0.64 0.01 0.09
% Naïve CD4 T cell/CD4+ −3.69 ± 5.65 −2.06 ± 7.46 3.32 ± 6.65 −9.92 ± 6.62 −13.1 ± 5.65 −5.28 ± 4.34 0.51 0.33 0.39 4.58 ± 7.39 −0.68 ± 6.02 5.40 ± 6.45 −1.08 ± 5.10 4.68 ± 4.80 9.31 ± 4.88 0.53 0.51 0.64
% CD4 TCM/CD4+ 1.57 ± 2.41 1.90 ± 2.67 3.94 ± 2.72 1.40 ± 1.53 −0.18 ± 3.19 1.56 ± 2.39 0.96 0.64 0.57 2.45 ± 2.83 3.78 ± 2.44 5.03 ± 3.91 1.87 ± 3.86 1.06 ± 3.04 2.36 ± 2.84 0.92 0.56 0.59
% CD4 TEM/CD4+ 0.06 ± 4.35 −0.87 ± 4.88 −7.05 ± 4.46 9.46 ± 5.49 11.70 ± 4.89 3.66 ± 3.35 0.21 0.12 0.13 −6.08 ± 5.65 −1.93 ± 4.76 −8.08 ± 6.17 −2.61 ± 6.53 −6.30 ± 6.57 −11.37 ± 5.39 0.73 0.66 0.71
% CD4 TEMRA/CD4+ 2.09 ± 1.04 1.09 ± 0.70 −0.19 ± 0.93 −0.94 ± 2.12 1.56 ± 1.03 0.03 ± 0.77 0.17 0.70 0.88 −0.97 ± 1.29 −1.16 ± 1.54 −2.35 ± 1.38 1.85 ± 1.20 0.59 ± 0.54 −0.27 ± 0.60 0.17 0.22 0.14
CD8 T cell
% CD8+/lymphocytes −2.07 ± 3.26 −3.07 ± 1.93 −1.96 ± 2.45 4.58 ± 5.41 3.78 ± 5.01 1.36 ± 4.03 0.28 0.15 0.47 −7.45 ± 2.26 −8.90 ± 2.05 −8.00 ± 2.38 −3.10 ± 3.68 −8.31 ± 3.49 −6.11 ± 3.46 0.43 0.91 0.71
% Naïve CD8 T cell/CD8+ −3.69 ± 5.65 −2.06 ± 7.46 3.32 ± 6.65 −9.92 ± 6.62 −13.10 ± 5.65 −5.28 ± 4.34 0.51 0.33 0.39 4.58 ± 7.39 −0.68 ± 6.02 5.40 ± 6.45 −1.08 ± 5.10 4.68 ± 4.80 9.31 ± 4.88 0.53 0.51 0.64
% CD8 TCM/CD8+ 1.57 ± 2.41 1.90 ± 2.67 3.94 ± 2.72 1.40 ± 1.53 −0.18 ± 3.19 1.56 ± 2.39 0.96 0.64 0.57 2.45 ± 2.83 3.78 ± 2.44 5.03 ± 3.91 1.87 ± 3.86 1.06 ± 3.04 2.36 ± 2.84 0.92 0.56 0.59
% CD8 TEM/CD8+ 0.06 ± 4.35 −0.87 ± 4.88 −7.05 ± 4.46 9.46 ± 5.49 11.70 ± 4.89 3.66 ± 3.35 0.21 0.12 0.13 −6.08 ± 5.65 −1.93 ± 4.76 −8.08 ± 6.17 −2.61 ± 6.53 −6.30 ± 6.57 −11.37 ± 5.39 0.73 0.66 0.71
% CD8 TEMRA/CD8+ 2.09 ± 1.04 1.09 ± 0.70 −0.19 ± 0.93 −0.94 ± 2.12 1.56 ± 1.03 0.03 ± 0.77 0.17 0.70 0.88 −0.97 ± 1.29 −1.16 ± 1.54 −2.35 ± 1.38 1.85 ± 1.20 0.59 ± 0.54 −0.27 ± 0.60 0.17 0.22 0.14

Data are presented as the mean ± SEM.

P-value from the t-test for between-group comparisons. The cell surface markers for subsets of T cells were as follows: CD45RA+ CD197+ for naïve, CD45RA- CD197+ for TCM, CDRA45- CD197- for TEM, and CD45RA+ CD197- for TEMRA.

NK cells, natural killer cells; TCM, central memory T cell; TEM, effector memory T cell; TEMRA, effector memory-RA T cell.