Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients Who Received SGLT2i or Comparator Drugs After Weighting by Propensity Score Fine Stratification.
| Baseline characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SGLT2i vs DPP4i | SGLT2i vs GLP1RA | |||||
| SGLT2i (n = 37 530) | DPP4i (n = 332 004) | ASD | SGLT2i (n = 111 835) | GLP1 RA (n = 8177) | ASD | |
| Cohort entry year | ||||||
| 2014 | 1232 (3.3) | 10 957 (3.3) | 0.001 | 2499 (2.2) | 166 (2) | 0.014 |
| 2015 | 3921 (10.4) | 34 628 (10.4) | 0.001 | 9419 (8.4) | 714 (8.7) | 0.011 |
| 2016 | 5220 (13.9) | 46 175 (13.9) | <0.001 | 16 845 (15.1) | 1225 (15) | 0.002 |
| 2017 | 6310 (16.8) | 55 960 (16.9) | 0.001 | 19 557 (17.5) | 1545 (18.9) | 0.036 |
| 2018 | 5815 (15.5) | 51 432 (15.5) | <0.001 | 18 336 (16.4) | 1286 (15.7) | 0.018 |
| 2019 | 7414 (19.8) | 65 512 (19.7) | 0.001 | 23 212 (20.8) | 1663 (20.3) | 0.01 |
| 2020 | 7618 (20.3) | 67 340 (20.3) | <0.001 | 21 967 (19.6) | 1579 (19.3) | 0.008 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.6 (9.7) | 60.6 (9.9) | 0.001 | 61.4 (9.8) | 61.1 (10.3) | 0.039 |
| Age group | ||||||
| 45-65 | 26 760 (71.3) | 237 418 (71.5) | 0.001 | 75 939 (67.9) | 5613 (68.6) | 0.016 |
| >65 | 10 770 (28.7) | 94 626 (28.5) | 35 896 (32.1) | 2564 (31.4) | ||
| Diabetic medications | ||||||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 1141 (3) | 10 117 (3) | <0.001 | 3141 (2.8) | 259 (3.2) | 0.021 |
| GLP1RA | 126 (0.3) | 868 (0.3) | 0.014 | NA | NA | NA |
| DPP4i | NA | NA | NA | 68 426 (61.2) | 4864 (59.5) | 0.035 |
| Insulin | 3258 (8.7) | 28 607 (8.6) | 0.002 | 15 717 (14.1) | 1265 (15.5) | 0.04 |
| Meglitinides | 191 (0.5) | 1681 (0.5) | <0.001 | 580 (0.5) | 49 (0.6) | 0.011 |
| Metformin | 21 188 (56.5) | 187 378 (56.4) | <0.001 | 90 052 (80.5) | 6372 (77.9) | 0.064 |
| Sulfonylureas | 9388 (25) | 83 027 (25) | <0.001 | 53 286 (47.6) | 4034 (49.3) | 0.034 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 2708 (7.2) | 23 821 (7.2) | 0.002 | 15 904 (14.2) | 1264 (15.5) | 0.035 |
| No. of diabetic medications being taken | ||||||
| 0-1 | 26 469 (70.5) | 234 486 (70.6) | 0.002 | 29 365 (26.3) | 2197 (26.9) | 0.014 |
| 2-3 | 10 752 (28.6) | 94 809 (28.6) | 0.002 | 69 311 (62) | 4851 (59.3) | 0.054 |
| ≥4 | 309 (0.8) | 2709 (0.8) | 0.001 | 13 159 (11.8) | 1129 (13.8) | 0.061 |
| Level of diabetes treatmenta | ||||||
| 1 | 25 926 (69.1) | 229 636 (69.2) | 0.002 | 28 629 (25.6) | 2144 (26.2) | 0.014 |
| 2 | 8346 (22.2) | 73 761 (22.2) | 0.001 | 67 489 (60.3) | 4767 (58.3) | 0.042 |
| 3 | 3258 (8.7) | 28 607 (8.6) | 0.002 | 15 717 (14.1) | 1265 (15.5) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes related conditions | ||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 1148 (3.1) | 10 107 (3) | 0.001 | 5811 (5.2) | 401 (4.9) | 0.014 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 4595 (12.2) | 40 551 (12.2) | 0.001 | 20 639 (18.5) | 1543 (18.9) | 0.011 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 5730 (15.3) | 50 450 (15.2) | 0.002 | 25 723 (23) | 1818 (22.2) | 0.018 |
| Hypoglycemia | 130 (0.3) | 1154 (0.3) | <0.001 | 543 (0.5) | 34 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | ||||||
| 0 | 19 584 (52.2) | 173 208 (52.2) | <0.001 | 49 318 (44.1) | 3450 (42.2) | 0.039 |
| 1 | 10 586 (28.2) | 93 614 (28.2) | <0.001 | 40 709 (36.4) | 3116 (38.1) | 0.035 |
| 2 | 4385 (11.7) | 38 826 (11.7) | <0.001 | 10 796 (9.7) | 782 (9.6) | 0.003 |
| ≥3 | 2975 (7.9) | 26 356 (7.9) | <0.001 | 11 012 (9.8) | 830 (10.2) | 0.01 |
| No. of outpatients visits | ||||||
| 0-2 | 1038 (2.8) | 9264 (2.8) | 0.002 | 1451 (1.3) | 177 (2.2) | 0.067 |
| 3-5 | 1738 (4.6) | 15 415 (4.6) | 0.001 | 3034 (2.7) | 231 (2.8) | 0.007 |
| ≥6 | 34 754 (92.6) | 307 325 (92.6) | 0.001 | 107 350 (96) | 7769 (95) | 0.047 |
| No. of hospitalizations | ||||||
| 0 | 30 118 (80.3) | 266 471 (80.3) | <0.001 | 85 439 (76.4) | 5882 (71.9) | 0.102 |
| 1-2 | 6815 (18.2) | 60 230 (18.1) | <0.001 | 23 680 (21.2) | 2060 (25.2) | 0.095 |
| ≥3 | 597 (1.6) | 5303 (1.6) | 0.001 | 2716 (2.4) | 235 (2.9) | 0.028 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Asthma | 3249 (8.7) | 28 665 (8.6) | 0.001 | 9514 (8.5) | 745 (9.1) | 0.021 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 201 (0.5) | 1830 (0.6) | 0.002 | 1160 (1) | 97 (1.2) | 0.014 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1481 (3.9) | 13 012 (3.9) | 0.001 | 4769 (4.3) | 310 (3.8) | 0.024 |
| COPD | 2036 (5.4) | 18 027 (5.4) | <0.001 | 6164 (5.5) | 528 (6.5) | 0.04 |
| Dementia | 1001 (2.7) | 8994 (2.7) | 0.003 | 3701 (3.3) | 292 (3.6) | 0.014 |
| Epilepsy | 227 (0.6) | 2011 (0.6) | <0.001 | 685 (0.6) | 54 (0.7) | 0.006 |
| Gout | 260 (0.7) | 2314 (0.7) | 0.001 | 823 (0.7) | 54 (0.7) | 0.009 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 16 975 (45.2) | 149 714 (45.1) | 0.003 | 52 526 (47) | 3772 (46.1) | 0.017 |
| Hypertension | 20 253 (54) | 178 733 (53.8) | 0.003 | 60 294 (53.9) | 4389 (53.7) | 0.005 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 3273 (8.7) | 28 763 (8.7) | 0.002 | 11 078 (9.9) | 758 (9.3) | 0.022 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 144 (0.4) | 1289 (0.4) | 0.001 | 635 (0.6) | 48 (0.6) | 0.003 |
| Osteoarthritis | 12 546 (33.4) | 110 917 (33.4) | <0.001 | 38 494 (34.4) | 2830 (34.6) | 0.004 |
| Osteoporosis | 3268 (8.7) | 28 820 (8.7) | 0.001 | 9972 (8.9) | 682 (8.3) | 0.02 |
| Parkinson disease | 129 (0.3) | 1165 (0.4) | 0.001 | 497 (0.4) | 45 (0.6) | 0.015 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 778 (2.1) | 6901 (2.1) | <0.001 | 2363 (2.1) | 178 (2.2) | 0.004 |
| Stroke | 1068 (2.8) | 9506 (2.9) | 0.001 | 3902 (3.5) | 289 (3.5) | 0.003 |
| Thyroid disease | 2951 (7.9) | 25 947 (7.8) | 0.002 | 8143 (7.3) | 634 (7.8) | 0.018 |
| Fall-related medications | ||||||
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 19 035 (50.7) | 167 677 (50.5) | 0.004 | 60 846 (54.4) | 4471 (54.7) | 0.005 |
| Anticholinergics | 30 173 (80.4) | 266 797 (80.4) | 0.001 | 91 291 (81.6) | 6711 (82.1) | 0.011 |
| Benzodiazepines | 13 565 (36.1) | 119 957 (36.1) | <0.001 | 41 469 (37.1) | 3061 (37.4) | 0.007 |
| β-Blockers | 1848 (4.9) | 16 290 (4.9) | 0.001 | 5512 (4.9) | 398 (4.9) | 0.003 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 14 617 (38.9) | 128 939 (38.8) | 0.002 | 43 791 (39.2) | 3177 (38.9) | 0.006 |
| Diuretics | 9571 (25.5) | 84 374 (25.4) | 0.002 | 28 869 (25.8) | 2205 (27) | 0.026 |
| Nitrates | 470 (1.3) | 4120 (1.2) | 0.001 | 1643 (1.5) | 86 (1.1) | 0.037 |
| Opioids | 2875 (7.7) | 25 364 (7.6) | 0.001 | 9612 (8.6) | 914 (11.2) | 0.087 |
| Sedative hypnotics | 3976 (10.6) | 35 143 (10.6) | <0.001 | 12 507 (11.2) | 937 (11.5) | 0.009 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant | 2633 (7) | 23 285 (7) | <0.001 | 9056 (8.1) | 716 (8.8) | 0.024 |
| Typical antipsychotics | 1227 (3.3) | 10 837 (3.3) | <0.001 | 3875 (3.5) | 355 (4.3) | 0.045 |
| Osteoporosis medications | ||||||
| Bisphosphonates | 1737 (4.6) | 15 346 (4.6) | <0.001 | 5529 (4.9) | 320 (3.9) | 0.05 |
| Calcium/vitamin D | 2903 (7.7) | 25 547 (7.7) | 0.002 | 9346 (8.4) | 671 (8.2) | 0.005 |
| Parathyroid hormone/calcitonin | 108 (0.3) | 964 (0.3) | <0.001 | 384 (0.3) | 19 (0.2) | 0.021 |
| RANKL inhibitors | 134 (0.4) | 1181 (0.4) | <0.001 | 470 (0.4) | 32 (0.4) | 0.004 |
| SERMs | 440 (1.2) | 3882 (1.2) | <0.001 | 1348 (1.2) | 78 (1) | 0.024 |
| Comedications | ||||||
| Anticoagulants | 1287 (3.4) | 11 337 (3.4) | 0.001 | 4617 (4.1) | 398 (4.9) | 0.036 |
| Anticonvulsants | 4301 (11.5) | 37 984 (11.4) | 0.001 | 17 293 (15.5) | 1358 (16.6) | 0.031 |
| Antidepressants | 2806 (7.5) | 24 661 (7.4) | 0.002 | 9172 (8.2) | 815 (10) | 0.061 |
| Aromatase inhibitors | 2 (0) | 16 (0) | 0.001 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA |
| Oral corticosteroids | 14 825 (39.5) | 131 199 (39.5) | <0.001 | 41 631 (37.2) | 3136 (38.4) | 0.023 |
| Hormone replacement therapy | 2180 (5.8) | 19 339 (5.8) | 0.001 | 6300 (5.6) | 494 (6) | 0.018 |
| Immunosuppressants | 113 (0.3) | 1016 (0.3) | 0.001 | 382 (0.3) | 49 (0.6) | 0.038 |
| NSAIDs | 25 971 (69.2) | 229 672 (69.2) | 0.001 | 79 021 (70.7) | 5773 (70.6) | 0.001 |
| Platelet inhibitors | 23 792 (63.4) | 210 321 (63.3) | 0.001 | 75 427 (67.4) | 5511 (67.4) | 0.001 |
| Proton-pump inhibitors | 14 685 (39.1) | 129 908 (39.1) | <0.001 | 46 368 (41.5) | 3480 (42.6) | 0.022 |
| Statins | 22 388 (59.7) | 197 423 (59.5) | 0.004 | 79 510 (71.1) | 5537 (67.7) | 0.073 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; ASD, absolute standardized difference; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; GLP1RA, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists; NA, not applicable; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factors kappa B ligand; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulator; SGLT2i, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors.
a
Defined depending on the number of antidiabetic medication (excluding the study drugs of interest), prescribed in the year preceding the index date: level 1, taking none or 1 class of antidiabetic medication other than insulin; level 2, taking 2 or more different classes of antidiabetic medication without insulin; and level 3, taking insulin with or without other classes of antidiabetic medication.