Table 1.

Sample Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of TBI Sample (N = 45)

Demographics/characteristics	Mean (SD) or N (%)
Age (years)	47.5 (16.4)
Education (years)	14.8 (3.3)
Sex Male Female	32 (71%) 13 (29%)
Race/ethnicity White Black Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic origin Other Declined to report	21 (47%) 8 (18%) 5 (11%) 4 (9%) 4 (9%) 3 (6%)
Initial GCS (median; range)	14 (3–15)
Injury severity Complicated mild (GCS 13–15) Moderate (GCS 9–12) Severe (GCS 3–8)	28 (67%) 5 (12%) 9 (21%)
Cause of injury Vehicular accident Fall Assault Other (e.g., gunshot wound)	17 (39%) 15 (34%) 9 (21%) 3 (7%)
Time post-injury (months)	5.0 (1.3)
GOSE 1: Death 2: Vegetative state 3: Lower severe disability 4: Upper severe disability 5: Lower moderate disability 6: Upper moderate disability 7: Lower good recovery 8: Upper good recovery	0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (11%) 7 (15%) 7 (15%) 6 (13%) 11 (24%) 10 (22%)

TBI, traumatic brain injury; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended; SD, standard deviation.