Fig. 4.

Declines in ED visits for general symptoms (A) at high smoke PM${}_{2.5}$ come primarily from reductions in visits among less insured populations whereas increases in ED visits for respiratory conditions (B) occur regardless of insurance coverage. Large panels show pooled responses for that condition, and small panels show responses estimated in separate regressions subsetting by tercile of zipcode-level average insurance coverage rate. All responses shown are estimated with Eq. 3. Responses are plotted as percentage changes from group-specific base rates.