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. 2023 Sep 27;14:253. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03411-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — ACSC-specific TNFAIP3 overexpression ameliorates surgery-induced OA in rats. a, b 3D reconstruction of rat knee joints (top), tibial subchondral bone medial compartment (sagittal view) (bottom), and microCT images of rat tibia subchondral bone (coronal view) (middle) showed that TNFAIP3-overexpression ACSCs significantly improved the osteochondral structure, while TNFAIP3-knockdown ACSCs lead to poor protection effects in OA rats at 4 week after injection (n = 3). Scale bars, 2 mm. c OA grade was rated by quantification of the degree of cartilage loss and osteophytes from micro-CT. d–f Micro-CT measurements for bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (d), trabecular number (Tb.N) (e) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) (f) in the subchondral bone of vector-transfected and TNFAIP3-overexpress or knockdown ACSCs rats at 4 w after injection. g, h Representative images of safranin O–fast green staining (top), toluidine blue staining (middle), and type II collagen immunostaining (bottom) in the subchondral bone showed that TNFAIP3-overexpression ACSCs significantly improved the pathological changes in the osteochondral regions of OA rats, while TNFAIP3-knockdown ACSCs lead to poor effects in OA models at 4 w post-surgery. Scale bars, 200 μm. i Mankin scores of osteoarthritic rat knees at 4 w after injection. The statistical significance of differences was determined using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparison tests (LSD). All data are shown as the mean ± S.D. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant