Table 2 –

Relative rates of major depression up to 2018 among men diagnosed with PC (1998–2017) in comparison to matched control subjects, stratified by time since index date or by PC treatment

	Major depression (n)		Adjusted model^a
	PC cases	Controls	HR (95% CI)	p value
High-risk PC^b
Entire follow-up period	6490	68 231	1.82 (1.75–1.89)	<0.001
<3 mo	541	11 600	2.02 (1.73–2.36)	<0.001
3 to <12 mo	1067	6133	2.08 (1.89–2.29)	<0.001
1 to <2 yr	1031	6547	2.21 (2.02–2.43)	<0.001
2 to <5 yr	1784	15 309	1.84 (1.72–1.97)	<0.001
5 to <10 yr	1461	17 600	1.57 (1.46–1.69)	<0.001
≥10 yr	606	11 042	1.40 (1.24–1.58)	<0.001
High-risk PC (2005–2017)^c
ADT only	2231	−	2.02 (1.89–2.16)	<0.001
Radiation	1009	−	1.44 (1.31–1.57)	<0.001
Surgery	228	−	1.60 (1.31–1.95)	<0.001
Radiation and surgery	125	−	1.56 (1.20–2.03)	0.001
LR/IR PC^b
Entire follow-up period	9644	80 243	1.19 (1.16–1.23)	<0.001
<3 mo	769	12 982	1.23 (1.08–1.40)	0.002
3 to <12 mo	1385	8 680	1.37 (1.26–1.49)	<0.001
1 to <2 yr	1225	8 388	1.28 (1.18–1.39)	<0.001
2 to <5 yr	2421	18 403	1.13 (1.06–1.19)	<0.001
5 to <10 yr	2490	20 337	1.18 (1.11–1.25)	<0.001
≥10 yr	1354	11 453	1.09 (1.01–1.18)	0.04
LR/IR PC (2005–2017)^c
No initial treatment	3477	−	1.08 (1.03–1.13)	0.003
ADT only	1055	−	1.69 (1.53–1.86)	<0.001
Radiation	1071	−	1.09 (1.00–1.19)	0.06
Surgery	606	−	0.98 (0.88–1.10)	0.78
Radiation and surgery	158	−	1.05 (0.85–1.30)	0.65

ADT = androgen deprivation therapy; CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; LR/IR = low-risk or intermediate-risk; PC = prostate cancer.

Adjusted for age, country of birth, marital status, education, income, region, Charlson comorbidity index, and prior history of psychiatric disorders (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, major depression) at the index date.

In separate models, the outcome was examined across the entire follow-up period and within narrower time intervals after PC diagnosis.

Subanalyses based on treatment data available during 2005–2017.