Table 2.

Summary of lipid metabolism in dendritic cells derived from in vitro culture systems.

	Developmental origin	Culture conditions	Composition	Lipid metabolism in biology
GM-CSF BMDCs	Bone marrow derived progenitors	GM-CSF with or without IL-4 for 5−7 days	DC-like, monocyte-like, and macrophage-like	Impairment of activation by PUFAs and SCFAs;34, 39–41,47 improvement of maturation by SFAs;34,37 upregulation of FAS but decrease in FAO upon activation;51,52,56,66 FAO blockade increases TH17 cell polarization;71 requirement of membrane cholesterol and intracellular lipid droplet for antigen presentation;61,75,79 enhancement of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by intracellular cholesterol85,90
FLT3L BMDCs		FLT3L for 9 days	cDC1-like, cDC2-like and pDC-like	SCFAs induce tolerogenic phenotype;44 requirement of FAO for cDC2-like cell development;65 FAS and FAO are indispensable for pDC-like cell activation57
iCD103+ BMDCs		FLT3L plus GM-CSF for 15–17 days	cDC1-like	FAS is dispensable for T cell priming60
moDCs (human)	Peripheral blood monocytes	GM-CSF plus IL-4 for 6−7 days	DC-like	PUFAs and SCFAs cause tolerogenic phenotype;36,38,45–47 FAO blockade increases maturation;67,68 membrane cholesterol is required for antigen presentation;79,80 intracellular cholesterol accumulation and 22R-HC inhibit migration;88,94 bile acids induce immunosuppression of human moDCs101

cDC1, type 1 conventional dendritic cell; cDC2, type 2 conventional dendritic cell; pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; FLT3L, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand; IL-4, interleukin 4; GM-CSF BMDCs, DC from bone marrow cultures with GM-CSF or GM-CSF plus IL-4; iCD103⁺ BMDCs, DCs from bone marrow cultures with FLT3L plus GM-CSF; moDCs, monocyte derived DCs; PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SCFAs, short chain fatty acids; SFAs, saturated fatty acids; FAS, fatty acid synthesis; FAO, fatty acid β oxidation; 22R-HC, 22R-hydroxycholesterol.